Ngaba Abantu Abenza Utshintsho Beza Nesicombululo?
URHWAPHILIZO kwezoshishino, imithetho enekhethe, ukungabikho kokusesikweni, unyango nemfundo engekho mgangathweni, ukutyiwa kakubi kwemali yabantu egameni lonqulo, nokonakaliswa kwemekobume—le yimibandela eshiya inkoliso yethu idanile. Yiloo nto kanye ebangela abantu bafune ukwenza utshintsho.
Abantu abenza utshintsho bafumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iintlobo zabantu bekhuthaza ukwenziwa kotshintsho ngendlela efanelekileyo, nesemthethweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abathandi kuvukela okanye ukubhukuqa, kuba inkoliso yabo iyawuthobela umthetho yaye iyaluphepha ugonyamelo. Kukho imbinana yabantu abenza utshintsho ehlonelwayo ngabantu yaye ithabatha amanyathelo okwenza utshintsho. Abanye baphembelela abasemagunyeni ukuba benze utshintsho.
Abenzi botshintsho bazama ukwenza abantu bacinge iindlela ezintsha zokucombulula imibandela ethile. Abasuke nje baqhankqalaze; bayazicingisisa iindlela abanokuphucula ngazo izinto. Ukuze batsalel’ ingqalelo kwizinto ezibaxhalabisayo, abenzi botshintsho basenokucela inkxaso yoluntu, baqhankqalaze ezitratweni, okanye bazame ukusebenzisa amajelo eendaba ukusasaza oko. Phakathi kwezinto ezibuhlungu ezinokwehlela abenzi botshintsho kukungahoywa ngabantu.
Abantu Bamandulo Abenza Utshintsho
Luninzi utshintsho oluye lwenziwa ngabantu embalini. IBhayibhile isixelela ukuba malunga neminyaka engama-2 000 eyadlulayo, esinye isithethi sakha sancoma uFeliks, ibamba laseRoma kwiphondo lakwaYuda sathi: ‘Kwenzeka iinguqulelo kolu hlanga ngenxa yakho.’ (IZenzo 24:2) Malunga neminyaka engama-500 ngaphambi koFeliks, umwisi-mthetho ongumGrike uSolon wenza utshintsho ukuze kuphuculwe imeko yamahlwempu. IThe Encyclopædia Britannica ithi uSolon “waphelisa ezona meko zimbi zobuhlwempu” kwiAthene yamandulo.
Imbali yonqulo izaliswe ngabahlaziyi. Ngokomzekelo, uMartin Luther wazama ukuhlaziya iCawa yamaRoma Katolika, yaye iinzame zakhe zahlahl’ indlela yobuProtestanti.
Utshintsho Olwenziweyo
Abenzi botshintsho basenokuzama ukutshintsha nezinto ezincinane ezingabalulekanga kangako. Abanye bakhuthaza ukuphila ubomi obahlukileyo. Kwenzeka oko kumbutho waseJamani iLebensreform (utshintsho kwindlela yokuphila) ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ngenxa yokwanda kwempucuko, abaninzi babevakalelwa kukuba abantu baya bengakhathalelwa. Abenzi botshintsho bacebisa ukuba abantu babuyele kwindlela yokuphila eqhelekileyo. Bakhuthaza ukuba abantu bazilolonge, basebenze phandle, basebenzise amayeza emvelo yaye batye imifuno neziqhamo.
Abanye abenzi botshintsho babhenca ukungabikho kokusesikweni bampheke bemophula urhulumente ukuze alungise loo meko. Ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970, amaqela abo balwela ukulondolozwa kwemekobume ebeqhankqalazela ukonakaliswa kwayo. Amanye kula maqela aye akhula aba ziintlangano ezinkulu zehlabathi lonke. La maqela akapheleli nje ekuqhankqalazeleni ukonakaliswa kwemekobume. Anikela namacebiso okulungisa umonakalo. Aye aphembelela utshintsho kwimithetho, phakathi kwayo eyokulahlwa kwenkunkuma enetyhefu elwandle nokuzingelwa kweminenga.
Kwiminyaka yee-1960, iBhunga Lesibini leVatican laqalisa uhlaziyo lweCawa yamaRoma Katolika. Kwiminyaka yee-1990 kwavela abahlaziyi kubefundisi beCawa yamaKatolika. Ngokomzekelo, bacebisa utshintsho kumbandela wokungatshati kwabefundisi. KwiCawa yaseTshetshi abahlaziyi babefuna utshintsho oluza kuvumela ukumiselwa kwamabhinqa njengabefundisi.
Aluthandwa Ngabo Bonke Abantu
Olunye utshintsho luye lwaphumeza izinto ezininzi ezintle. Ngokomzekelo, eBhayibhileni sifunda ngemizekelo emininzi yabalawuli belizwe nabanye abakhuthaza utshintsho olwalufuneka. Loo migudu yabangela ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zokomoya, ezentlalo, nezo zifunwa nguThixo. (2 Kumkani 22:3-20; 2 Kronike 33:14-17; Nehemiya isahluko 8 nese-9) Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukugxininiswa kwenkululeko yabantu, namalungelo abo kuncede ekukhuseleni abantu abaphantsi nabambalwa nabo batshutshiswayo.
Noko ke, lwakuba lwenziwe utshintsho lusoloko lusiza nezinto ebezingalindelwanga. Owayeligosa likarhulumente kwinkulungwane yama-20, uJohn W. Gardner, wathi: “Yenye yezinto ezingumnqa embalini into yokuba abantu abenza utshintsho basoloko besahluleka ukuqonda imiphumo yotshintsho lwabo.” Khawuqwalasele nantsi eminye imizekelo yoko.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980, eYurophu kwenziwa utshintsho kwezolimo olwaluza kukhusela izityalo nezilwanyana ezisemathafeni. Imithetho emitsha yezolimo yayekisa abantu ukulima umhlaba ongaphezu kweehektare ezingama-300 000 eJamani naseItali ukuze ube ngamathafa. Nakuba ezo njongo zazintle, oko kweza neengxaki ezingazange ziqondwe. IUnited Nations Environment Programme yathi: “Ngoxa kwakuvuyelwa oku ekuqaleni kujongwa njengethuba lokuphucula imeko yaloo mimandla, ‘ukubekela bucala imimandla ethile ingalinywa’ kunokuza nemiphumo emibi—kwenze abantu bashiye iindlela zabo zokulima baqalise ezintsha ezingafanelekanga baze batshabalalise amahlathi okanye bawatyale kwiindawo ebezingenawo.”
Ngokuphathelele imigudu yokunceda amahlwempu, i-International Fund for Agricultural Development yathi: “Yonke imigudu yokunceda amahlwempu ngokwenza utshintsho kumaziko athile ibangela iingxaki ezingathethekiyo. La maziko adla ngokusetyenziswa ngendlela ethandwa ngabathile abanegunya. . . . ‘Izikhulu’ zithanda ukusebenzisa amaziko asekuhlaleni ngendlela ezithanda ngayo.”
Omnye umzekelo kukulwelwa kwamalungelo abafazi, okuye kwaguqula ubomi bamabhinqa kumazwe aseNtshona kwawanika amalungelo okuvota namathuba angakumbi emfundo ephakamileyo nemisebenzi. Kodwa nabanye abaxhasi benkululeko yamabhinqa bayavuma ukuba ukulwelwa kwamalungelo abafazi kuzicombulule ezinye iingxaki ngoxa kuzise ezingakumbi. Umbhali uSusan Van Scoyoc wabuza: “Ngaba siyiphucule ngokwenene imeko yamabhinqa okanye, siye salindela ukuba amabhinqa alingane namadoda emsebenzini ngoxa singathethi nto ngokuncediswa kwawo ekhaya, saza ke sawacinezela ngakumbi?”
Utshintsho Olungancedi Nto
Abanye abenzi botshintsho bathanda ukutshintsha izinto ukuze nje kuthiwe zitshintshiwe. Echaza oko akubiza ngokuthi lutshintsho olungancedi nto, uFrederick Hess, oye wahlolisisa inkqubo yotshintsho, wathi: “Ukusilela okugqithiseleyo kwemizamo yotshintsho kubangelwa yindlela olwenziwa ngayo. Kunokuba icombulule iingxaki, le mizamo iye yavuselela” iingxaki ebifanele izicombulule. Uhlabela mgama athi: “Ngenxa yokuba kusoloko kusenziwa utshintsho olutsha, le nkqubo isoloko iqala phantsi emva kweminyaka embalwa.”
Utshintsho lunokusetyenziselwa ukuphumeza ezinye iinjongo, maxa wambi lube nemiphumo eyingozi. Umbutho waseJamani iLebensreform wanceda ekuveliseni inkqubo yokuzala abantwana abasempilweni ngokukhetha abazali abaya kukwazi ukuvelisa inzala eyomeleleyo. Noko ke, abo baneengcamango ezigabadeleyo balusebenzisa kakubi olu lwazi ukuze baxhase ubuSoshiyali kwiinjongo zabo zokuvelisa abantu ababalaseleyo.
Nkqu nabo bakuxhasa ngokunyaniseka ukutshintshwa kwezinto maxa wambi bayadana yimiphumo. USosiba-jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uKofi Annan wakhala wathi: “Ndicinga ukuba eyona nto ixakayo kukuba sonke siyakwazi okuphosakeleyo noko kumele kwenziwe, kodwa sisoloko sisilela ukukwenza. Maxa wambi kukhe kuthiwe iqumrhu loonobhala elikhokelwa ngunobhala-jikelele malilungise okuthile, kodwa ingabikho imali yokwenza oko. Ngezinye izihlandlo, xa kuvela izishiqi sibe sifuna abantu bokunceda, akubikho mntu usabelayo ngenxa yamava abo abuhlungu exesha elidluleyo.”
Abantu abenza utshintsho abanakulindela ukuthandwa ngabantu, kuba xa betsalela ingqalelo kwizinto abanomdla kuzo, babeka abanye abantu emalahleni. Unjingalwazi ngembali nengcali ekwenzeni utshintsho owacatshulwa kwiphephandaba iDie Zeit, uJürgen Reulecke wathi “Abantu abenza utshintsho basoloko beliliva enyameni.” Ukongezelela, nakuba inkoliso yabo iwugcina umthetho yaye iluphepha nogonyamelo, abanye baphelelwa ngumonde xa izinto zingahambi kakuhle. Kwezo meko umbutho wabenzi botshintsho unokuvelisa oophuma-silwe abangathobeli mthetho.
Ngaba ukwenziwa kotshintsho kulo lonke ilizwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje nje kwenze abantu baneliseka ngakumbi bubomi? Inyaniso kukuba akunjalo. Ngokomzekelo, uvavanyo-zimvo olwenziwa eJamani lwabonisa ukuba kule minyaka ingama-35 idluleyo, akukhange kubekho tshintsho kubomi babantu. Kuthekani ngonqulo? Ngaba uhlaziyo lwecawa luye lwatsala abanquli abangakumbi? Ngaba abanquli baneliseke ngakumbi lunqulo? Akunjalo, ubungqina boko buboniswa sisibakala sokuba amazwe aseNtshona aya exakeka ngakumbi ngumsebenzi yaye abantu baya bephelelwa ngumdla kwiinkonzo ezaziwayo.
Ngaba UYesu Kristu Wayengumququzeleli Wotshintsho?
Abanye basenokuthi uYesu Kristu wayengumququzeleli wotshintsho. Ngaba yinyaniso leyo? Lo mbuzo ubaluleke kuye wonk’ ubani ofuna ukuba ngumkhonzi wokwenyaniso kaThixo, ekubeni oko kuquka ukuba ngumlandeli kaKristu ohamba emanyathelweni akhe.—1 Petros 2:21.
Akuthandabuzeki ukuba uYesu wayenamandla okwenza utshintsho. Njengomntu ofezekileyo, wayenokwenza utshintsho olukhulu esebenzisa iindlela ezintsha. Ukanti, uKristu akazange aqalise iphulo lokusiphula neengcambu amagunya onakeleyo okanye oosomashishini abangathembekanga. Akazange akhokele uqhankqalazo nxamnye nokungabikho kokusesikweni, nakuba naye waba lixhoba lokungabikho sesikweni okugqithiseleyo. Maxa wambi, uYesu wayengenayo “nendawo le yokufaka intloko.” Ukanti, akazange aseke iqela labantu ukuze kunikelwe ingqalelo kwabo bangenamakhaya. Xa kwakukho ababethetha ngengxaki yemali wathi: “Amahlwempu nisoloko nikunye nawo.” UYesu wahlala engundilele kukruthakruthwano lwehlabathi.—Mateyu 8:20; 20:28; 26:11; Luka 12:13, 14; Yohane 6:14, 15; 18:36.
Kakade ke, iingxaki zobuhlwempu, ukonakala, nokungabikho kokusesikweni azizange zimenze uKristu angakhathali. Eneneni, iBhayibhile ibonisa ukuba wachukumiseka gqitha yimeko elusizi yabantu. (Marko 1:40, 41; 6:33, 34; 8:1, 2; Luka 7:13) Kodwa weza nesicombululo esahlukileyo. Isicombululo sikaKristu, yayingekokwenza nje iinguqulelo ezithile, kodwa yayikukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ulawulo lwabantu. Olu tshintsho luya kwenziwa buBukumkani basezulwini obusekwe nguMdali wabantu, uYehova uThixo, yaye uYesu Kristu uya kulawula kubo njengoKumkani. Oku kuza kuxutyushwa kwinqaku elilandelayo.
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 6]
“Yenye yezinto ezingumnqa embalini into yokuba abantu abenza utshintsho basoloko besahluleka ukuqonda imiphumo yotshintsho lwabo.”—UJohn W. Gardner
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 7]
“Ndicinga ukuba eyona nto ixakayo kukuba sonke siyakwazi okuphosakeleyo noko kumele kwenziwe, kodwa sisoloko sisilela ukukwenza.”—USosiba-jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uKofi Annan
[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 8, 9]
“Ndabeka Ubomi Bam Esichengeni Ndizama Ukukhusela Imekobume”
UHans wasebenza elwandle kangangeminyaka engama-48, yaye iminyaka engama-35 wayengumphathi wenqanawa. Xa wayesele eza kuyeka emsebenzini, waba ngumphathi-nqanawa kwintlangano elwela ukukhuselwa kwemekobume. Uthi:
“Bendisoloko ndikholelwa ukuba abantu bafanele bayihlonele imekobume yaye bayiphathe kakuhle indalo. Ngoko, ndathi ndakunikwa ithuba lokuphatha inqanawa yeqela elilwela ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, andaphozisa maseko ukulamkela. Umsebenzi wethu yayikukubhenca izinto ezisisisongelo kwimekobume. Sathi sakuceba iphulo lokuya elwandle, sabiza amajelo eendaba ukuze sitsale ingqalelo yabantu. Sangena endleleni sisinge elwandle kwilinge lokuthintela ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma enemichiza netyhefu. Kwelinye iphulo, sazama ukulwa nokubulawa kweentini namantshontsho azo.
“Lo yayingengomsebenzi wamatyutyusi. Ndabeka ubomi bam esichengeni ndizama ukukhusela imekobume. Kolunye uqhankqalazo, ndazibophelela kwiankile yenqanawa yaye ndaqabuka ndingaphantsi kwamanzi elwandle. Kolunye, ndandikwiphenyane elinesantya esikhulu sihamba sigudle inqanawa enkulu. Kukho mntu owaphosa umgqomo onzima kwelo phenyane lethu, laza labhukuqa. Ndenzakala kanobom apho.”
Ekugqibeleni uHans waqonda ukuba ngoxa zazintle iinjongo zaloo ntlangano, wayebeka ubomi bakhe esichengeni ngento engazi kuba luncedo kangako kwimekobume. (INtshumayeli 1:9) Kungekudala emva kokuba eshiye elo qela, wafunda iBhayibhile namaNgqina kaYehova waza waba liNgqina elibhaptiziweyo. Namhlanje ungumlungiseleli wexesha elizeyo. “IBhayibhile yandinceda ndaqonda ukuba ekuphela kwethemba lokwenene lokunyamekela kakuhle imekobume liya kuza ngoBukumkani bukaThixo obulawulwa nguMesiya.”
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 9]
Walwela Utshintsho
USara (eli asilogama lakhe) wazalelwa eAsia phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1960. Wayekwishumi elivisayo xa kwaqhambuka imvukelo kwilizwe lakhe kwaza kwabakho ulawulo olutsha, utshintsho olwabangela ithemba kwimeko yezopolitiko nasekuhlaleni. Ekuqaleni, abemi belo lizwe baluqhwabel’ izandla olo tshintsho, kodwa kungaphelanga nonyaka loo rhulumente mtsha waqalisa ukubatshutshisa abo baphikisana naye, esenza kanye oko kwakusenziwa ngurhulumente omdala. Abaninzi baphelelwa lithemba, yena uSara wazibandakanya neqela elaliza kuchasa loo rhulumente mtsha. Uthi:
“Elo qela lethu lalisiba neentlanganiso, yaye sasiqhankqalaza esidlangalaleni. Ukubanjwa kwam ngamajoni, ndandikwizitrato zedolophu elikomkhulu ndixhoma amaphepha oqhankqalazo ezindongeni ndinika nabantu amaphetshana. Ekugqibeleni andikhulula ndahamba. Abanye kwelo qela abazange babhungce. Amantombazana amabini angabahlobo bam abanjwa aza abulawa. Ubomi bam babusesichengeni, ngoko, utata wandicela ukuba ndiphume kwelo lizwe.”
Akufika eYurophu, uSara wafundisisa iBhayibhile yaye wabhaptizwa waba liNgqina likaYehova. Namhlanje ungumlungiseleli wexesha elizeleyo. Ecinga ngoko kwamehlelayo uSara uthi:
“Eyona nto ndandiyilangazelela kokusesikweni nesicombululo seengxaki zabantu. Ndabona ukuba loo rhulumente mtsha welizwe lethu waqalisa ulawulo unosukelo olufanayo kodwa wagabadela de walibala tu ngosukelo lwakhe, waqalisa ukucinezela abantu. Ndaqonda nokuba elo qela lethu labaqhankqalazi lalingenasicombululo kwiingxaki zelizwe lethu. (INdumiso 146:3, 4) Ngoku ndiyaqonda ukuba isicombululo seengxaki zalo lonke uluntu buBukumkani bukaThixo obungoMesiya.”
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]
UDonga lwaseBerlin lwawa ngowe-1989
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8]
Ngaba uhlaziyo lwecawa luye lwatsala abanquli abangakumbi?
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 5]
Top right: U.S. Information Agency photo
[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 7]
Kofi Annan: UN/DPI photo by Evan Schneider (Feb97); background: WHO/OXFAM