Iintlekele Zemvelo Negalelo Abantu Abanalo Kuzo

XA IMOTO iphethwe kakuhle, iba sisithuthi esikhuselekileyo. Kodwa kwale moto xa iphethwe kakubi ingakhathalelwanga inokuba yingozi. Kwezinye iimeko, kusenokuthethwa okufanayo nangesijikelezi-langa esinguMhlaba.

Izazinzulu eziliqela zithi, utshintsho olwenziwa ngabantu kwiatmosfera yomhlaba nakwiilwandlekazi luye lwabangela ukuba isijikelezi-langa esikuso sibe yindawo eyingozi kuba sinegalelo kwiintlekele zemvelo ezenzeka rhoqo. Yaye akubonakali ngathi izinto ziza kuba bhetele kwixesha elizayo. Umhleli wephephancwadi iScience wathi xa wayethetha ngokutshintsha kwemozulu: “Kwesi sijikelezi-langa sethu ekukuphela kwaso, sikwingxubakaxaka esingaziyo ukuba iza kuphelela phi na.”

Ukuze siyiqonde kakuhle indlela abantu abaye banegalelo ngayo kwezi ntlekele zemvelo ziquqa zibuyelela, kufuneka sibe nalo noko ulwazana ngendlela eziqala ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, yintoni ebangela iziphango ezinjengeenkanyamba?

Izinto Ezitshintsha Ubushushu Kwisijikelezi-langa

Inkqubo yemozulu emhlabeni iye yafaniswa nomatshini otshintsha uze usasaze amandla avela elangeni. Ngenxa yokuba ummandla weeTropiki ufumana inkoliso yobushushu belanga, ukungalungelelani kobushushu kubangela ukuvuthuza komoya.a Ukujikeleza komhlaba mihla le kubangela lo moya ufumileyo uvuthuzayo ube sisitshingitshane. Ezi zitshingitshane zisenokubangela iziphango.

Ukuba uphawula iindawo eziqhele ukuba nezitshingitshane kwiitropiki, uya kufumanisa ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo azibikho kwi-ikhweyitha—kodwa zibakho ngasentla okanye emazantsi—ngakwiindawo ezipholileyo. Ngokwenjenjalo, izitshingitshane zenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokudlulisela ubushushu kwezinye iindawo, zize zincede ekuzinziseni imozulu. Kodwa xa ubushushu obukummandla ongaphezulu wolwandlekazi—mmandla lowo “osisifudumezi” kulo matshini wemozulu—busiba ngaphezu kwama-27° ngokukaCelsius, izitshingitshane ezikwiitropiki zinokuba namandla gqitha zize zibe ziinkanyamba okanye iziphango—amagama asetyenziswa kwindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuchaza le ntlekele.

Eyona ntlekele yemvelo yasuba imiphefumlo emininzi kwimbali yaseUnited States, yileyo yahlasela isixeko esisesiqithini saseGalveston, eTexas, ngoSeptemba 8, 1900. Amaza aqhutywa zizitshingitshane abulala abantu abamalunga nama-6 000 nama-8 000 kweso sixeko aza abulala abantu abangama-4 000 kwiindawo eziselumelwaneni aza atshabalalisa izindlu ezimalunga nama-3 600. Enyanisweni asikho isakhiwo eGalveston esingazange sonakale.

Njengoko kubonisiwe kwinqaku elingaphambili, kutshanje kuye kwakho izitshingitshane eziliqela ezinamandla. Izazinzulu zisaphanda enoba ukufudumala ngokugqithiseleyo komhlaba akungebi nochatha kwizitshingitshane kusini na. Noko ke, ukutshintsha kwemozulu kungaba lolunye uphawu lokufudumala ngokugqithiseleyo komhlaba. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ikho enye ingozi entama oko.

Ukunyuka Komphakamo Wolwandle Nokutshatyalaliswa Kwamahlathi

Omnye umhleli wolindixesha iScience, uthi “umphakamo wolwandle uye wenyuka ngeesentimitha ezili-10 ukuya kutsho kwezingama-20 kwinkulungwane edluleyo, yaye useza kunyuka ngakumbi.” Oku kuhlobene njani nokufudumala komhlaba? Izazinzulu zalatha kwizinto ezimbini. Enye into enokwenzeka kukunyibilika komkhenkce okwimimandla ebandayo, nto leyo enokongeza umthamo okwiilwandlekazi. Enye into bubushushu—njengoko iilwandlekazi zisiba shushu, uyanda nomthamo wazo.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iziqithi ezincinane zePasifiki nezaseTuvalu sele ziwuva umvambo wokunyuka komphakamo wolwandle. Iphephancwadi iSmithsonian lithi iinkcukacha eziye zacholacholwa kwisiqithi saseFunafuti zidiza ukuba umphakamo wolwandle uye wenyuka apho “ngomlinganiselo weemilimitha ezisisi-5,6 nyaka ngamnye kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo.”

Kwiindawo ezininzi ehlabathini, ukwanda kwabemi kuye kwabangela ukunwenwa kwemimandla yeedolophu, ukwanda kwamatyotyombe nokuwohloka kwemekobume. Olu tshintsho lunokubangela ukuba iintlekele zemvelo zibe namandla ngakumbi. Nantsi eminye imizekelo.

IHaiti, lilizwe elisesiqithini elinabemi abaninzi nelinembali yokugecwa kwamahlathi. Ingxelo yeendaba iye yabonisa ukuba, nakuba iHaiti le ineengxaki zoqoqosho, ezopolitiko nezentlalo, ayikho into elibek’ engozini elo lizwe ngathi kukugecwa kwamahlathi. Loo nto ibonakele kwintlekele yowama-2004, apho izandyondyo zemvula ziye zabangela iimpuphuma zodaka ezisube amawakawaka emiphefumlo.

ITime yaseAsia ithetha “ngokufudumala komhlaba, amadama, ukugecwa kwamahlathi nabalimi abagawula baze batshise imithi ukuze bafumane indawo yokulima” njengezinto ezingunobangela wokwanda kweentlekele zemvelo ezigqugqisileyo kuMzantsi Asia. Enye ingozi embi, ukugecwa kwamahlathi kunokwandisa imbalela ngokubangela umhlaba wome ngokukhawuleza. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imbalela yaseIndonesia naseBrazil iye yakhokelela kwimililo yamahlathi emininzi nengazange ibekho ngaphambili kwanakumahlathi amanzi ukuba angatsha. Noko ke, ukugabadela kwemozulu asikuko kodwa okubangela iintlekele zemvelo. Iindawo ezininzi zithwaxwa ziintlekele eziphuma emathunjini omhlaba.

Xa Kunyikima Umhlaba

Uqweqwe lomhlaba lubunjwe ngamacandelo anobukhulu obahlukeneyo nashukumayo. Eneneni, lushukuma gqitha olu qweqwe kangangokuba kunokubakho izigidi ngezigidi zeenyikima nyaka ngamnye. Kambe ezininzi kuzo akunakufane uzive.

Kuthiwa malunga nama-90 ekhulwini azo zonke ezi nyikima zenzeka kwiintanda ezikula macandelo. Into enqabileyo kodwa eba yingozi maxa wambi xa ithe yenzeka kukunyikima kwala macandelo ngokwawo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba, eyona yinyikima yaba yingozi kakhulu kwezaziwayo embalini yileyo yahlasela amaphondo amathathu aseTshayina ngowe-1556. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba yasuba imiphefumlo emalunga nama-830 000!

Iinyikima zisenokuba nemiphumo eyingozi. Ngokomzekelo, ngoNovemba 1, 1755, inyikima yasibetha sayingqushu isixeko saseLisbon, ePortugal, sixeko eso esasimiwe ngabantu abangama-275 000. Kodwa akuzange kuphelele apho. Le nyikima yabangela umlilo neetsunami eziqikelelwa kwiimitha ezili-15 ukuphakama, nezazivela kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki olukufutshane apho. Bebonke abantu abafa kweso sixeko baba ngaphezu kwama-60 000.

Kodwa ke, ngomlinganiselo othile nabo abantu banegalelo kwezi ntlekele. Into yokuqala kukuxinana kwabemi kwiindawo ezisengozini. Umbhali uAndrew Robinson uthi: “Ngoku malunga nesiqingatha sezona zixeko zikhulu ehlabathini zimi kwiindawo ezithandwa yinyikima. Kanti enye ingxaki zizakhiwo—izinto ezakhiwa ngazo nendlela ezimi ngayo. Amaxesha amaninzi ayathanda ukungqineka eyinyaniso amazwi athi “Iinyikima azibulali mntu; abantu babulawa zizakhiwo.” Kodwa baza kuthini abantu xa bengakwazi ukwakha izakhiwo ezikwaziyo ukuxhathisa inyikima ngenxa yobuhlwempu.

Iintaba-mlilo—Ziyakha Ziphinde Zitshabalalise

ISmithsonian Institute yaseUnited States inikela le ngxelo: “Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuza kugqabhuka ubuncinane iintaba-mlilo ezingama-20 njengoko ufunda la mazwi.” Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinyikima neentaba-mlilo zidla ngokubakho kwimimandla efanayo—kwiintanda, ingakumbi ezo zikwiilwandlekazi; kuqweqwe lomhlaba apho udaka olushushu luphuma khona luvela emathunjini omhlaba; nalapho elinye icandelo likhwela khona phezu kwelinye.

Inyikima eyenzeka apho kudibana khona amacandelo amabini yeyona iyingozi kakhulu ebantwini xa kufikelelwa kwizihlandlo zokuqhambuka kwayo kwindawo ehlala abantu. IPacific Rim, ebizwa ngokuba yiRing of Fire (iSangqa Somlilo), inamakhulukhulu eentaba-mlilo ezilolo hlobo. Igcuntswana lazo liyafumaneka nakwiindawo oluphuma kuzo udaka olushushu kude nalapho ahlukana khona amacandelo. Iindawo ekubonakala ukuba ziyathandwa zezi ntaba-mlilo ziiHawaiian Islands, iAzores, iGalápagos Islands, neeSociety Islands.

Xa sithetha inyaniso, akungoku iintaba-mlilo zinegalelo elibonakalayo kwimbali yomhlaba. Ngokutsho kwengxelo yeInternet yenye iyunivesithi, “ama-90 ekhulwini awo onke amazwekazi neelwandlekazi abangelwe ziintaba-mlilo.” Kodwa yintoni ebangela ukuba ezinye zigqabhuke ngendlela eyingozi?

Ugqabhuko-dubulo lubakho xa kuphuma udaka olushushu emathunjini omhlaba. Ezinye iintaba zikhupha nje udaka, olungakhawulezi lufike ebantwini ngequbuliso. Kodwa kuyenzeka ukuba olunye ugqabhuko-dubulo lube namandla angaphezu kwebhombu yenyukliya! Loo nto ixhomekeka ekubeni lubunjwa yaye lunqumbululu kangakanani udaka olukule ntaba-mlilo kwanokuba zingakanani iigesi namanzi ashushu ngokugqithiseleyo akuyo. Njengoko olu daka luya lusiza ngaphezulu emhlabeni, amanzi negesi zanda ngokukhawuleza. Xa olu daka sele lubumbeke kakuhle, ludubula kanye njengesiselo esihlwahlwazayo xa siphuma etotini.

Okuvuyisayo kukuba, iintaba-mlilo zidla ngokulumkisa ngaphambi kokuba zidubule. Kwaba njalo kwiNtaba iPelée ekwiSiqithi saseMartinique esikwiCaribbean ngowe-1902. Noko ke, kwakusele kusondele unyulo kwiSt. Pierre eselumelwaneni yaye abezopolitiko bakhuthaza abantu ukuba bahlale apho nakuba kwakusiwa uthuthu, abantu begula yaye kukho uloyiko nje kweso sixeko. Enyanisweni, inkoliso yeevenkile yavalwa kangangeentsuku ezininzi!

UMeyi 8 wawunguMhla woNyuko, yaye abantu abaninzi baya kwicawa yamaKatolika ukuya kuthandazela ukuhlangulwa kwintaba-mlilo. Ngaloo ntsasa, kanye ngaphambi kokuba kubethe intsimbi yesi-8:00 kusasa, iNtaba iPelée yagqabhuka, ikhupha umxube obilileyo wothuthu, amalahle, amatye amnyama, udaka olushushu, negesi ebila ngendlela engathethekiyo—yonke loo nto inobushushu obususela kuma-200 ukusa kuma-500° ngokukaCelsius. Njengoko lalirhuqa phantsi, ilifu elimnyama elibulalayo lehla kuloo ntaba, lasigqumelela eso sixeko, libulala abantu abamalunga nama-30 000, lanyibilikisa intsimbi yecawa, laza latshisa iinqanawa ezazisezibukweni. Olu yayilolona gqabhuko-dubulo lwabulala abantu abaninzi kwinkulungwane yama-20. Kodwa ngekwakungenjalo ukuba abantu babethobele iimpawu ezazisisilumkiso.

Ngaba Ziza Kuba Ninzi Iintlekele Zemvelo?

Kwingxelo yayo eyiWorld Disasters Report 2004, i-International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ithi ebudeni beshumi leminyaka elidluleyo, iintlekele ezibangelwa yimeko yomhlaba nemozulu ziye zanda ngomlinganiselo ongaphezu kwama-60 ekhulwini. Le ngxelo yapapashwa ngaphambi kwetsunami ebulalayo kaDisemba 26 kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya ithi: “Oku kubonisa into eseza kwenzeka kwiminyaka ezayo.” Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ukuba abemi bayaqhubeka besanda kwiindawo ezisengozini, aze acutheke namahlathi, lincinane kakhulu ithemba.

Ukongezelela, amazwe amaninzi anemizi-mveliso asaqhubeka egalela iigesi ezininzi ezingcolileyo kwiatmosfera. Ngokutsho komnye umhleli wolindixesha iScience, ukuyibekela amangomso into yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezi gesi “kufana nokungafuni ukusela amayeza kodwa ube ugula: Kuqinisekisa ukuba mkhulu komonakalo oseza kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo.” Ithetha ngalo monakalo, ingxelo yaseKhanada ephathelele ukuthothiswa kweentlekele yathi: “Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunokuchazwa njengeyona ngxaki inkulu neyandileyo kwezo kuye kwahlangatyezwana nazo ngamazwe ehlabathi.”

Noko ke, ngoku, amazwe ehlabathi akakavumelani ngokuba abantu banegalelo ekufudumaleni komhlaba singasathethi ke ngendlela yokukuthintela. Le meko isikhumbuza esi sibakala sichazwe eBhayibhileni: “Asikokomntu . . . ukwalathisa inyathelo lakhe.” (Yeremiya 10:23) Kodwa, njengoko siza kubona kwinqaku elilandelayo, lisekho ithemba. Enyanisweni, iintlungu ezikhoyo, ezibangelwa ziintlekele kwibutho labantu zinikela ubungqina obungakumbi bokuba intlangulo ikufuphi.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

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UKUNTSHULA KWENTABA-MLILO KWINTSIMI YOMBONA

NGOWE-1943 umlimi othile waphawula ukuba kwintsimi yakhe yombona kuntshula enye into engengombona. Ngoxa wayesemasimini, wabona ukuqhekeka komhlaba. Ngosuku olulandelayo, ezo ntanda zazisele ziyintaba-mlilo encinane. Kwiveki elandelayo, eso siqhuma saba ziimitha ezili-150 yaye emva konyaka, saba ziimitha ezingama-360. Ekugqibeleni esi siqhuma siziimitha ezingama-2 775 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, sada safikelela ubude beemitha ezingama-430. Le ntaba-mlilo ibizwa ngokuba yiParicutín, yagqibela ngowe-1952 ukudubula.

[Inkcazelo]

U. S. Geological Survey/Photo by R. E. Wilcox

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XA UTHIXO WASINDISA IINTLANGA KWINTLEKELE

INDLALA ilolunye uhlobo lwentlekele yemvelo. Enye yezona ndlala zindala kwakha kwabhalwa ngazo yabakho kwiYiputa yamandulo, ngexesha likaYosefu, ongunyana kaYakobi okanye uSirayeli. Le ndlala yathabatha iminyaka esixhenxe yaye yachaphazela iYiputa, iKanan namanye amazwe. Kodwa akuzange kulanjwe kakhulu ebudeni bayo ngenxa yokuba uYehova wayichaza kuseyiminyaka esixhenxe ngaphambi kokuba yenzeke. Kanti watyhila nokuba iminyaka esixhenxe engaphambi kwaleyo yayiza kuba nendyebo eYiputa. Phantsi kolwalathiso lukaYosefu owoyika uThixo, nowenziwa inkulumbuso nomlawuli wokutya, amaYiputa aqokelela ukutya okuziinkozo okuninzi kangangokuba ‘ayeka nokuzibala.’ Ngenxa yoko, iYiputa ayizange iphelele nje ekondleni abantu bayo kodwa ‘nabantu bomhlaba wonke,’ kuquka intsapho yakuloYosefu.—Genesis 41:49, 57; 47:11, 12.

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EHAITI NGOWAMA-2004 Amakhwenkwe athwele amanzi okusela kwizitrato ezikhukulisekileyo. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuye kwanegalelo kwiimpuphuma ezingathethekiyo zodaka

[Inkcazelo]

Background: Sophia Pris/EPA/Sipa Press; inset: Carl Juste/Miami Herald/Sipa Press

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Amazwe amaninzi ayaqhubeka egalela iigesi ezingcolileyo kwiatmosfera

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© Mark Henley/Panos Pictures