IToledo Iindlela Zamandulo Zokuphila Ezibangel’ Umdla
NGUMBHALI KAVUKANI! ESPEYIN
KUMBINDI weSingasiqithi saseIberia kukho induli yelitye lenyengane elinamacala amathathu arhangqwe nguMlambo iTagus. Kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo, lo mlambo ubuxonxa amawa akhusele amacala ale nduli. Kule ndawo inqabisekileyo kwakhiwa iToledo, isixeko saseSpeyin nesidume ngezithethe zalapho.
Namhlanje, iindlela ezimxinwa nezinamajiko-jiko zeToledo yamandulo zinokumnika umhambi umfanekiso-ngqondweni wamaXesha Aphakathi. Amasango esi sixeko, iinqaba, iibhulorho zisenjengokuba zazinjalo mandulo yaye zisikhumbuza ngemihla xa iToledo yayisesinye sezona zixeko zibalulekileyo eYurophu.
Noko ke, iToledo ayifani nezinye izixeko zaseYurophu. Isitishi sikaloliwe salapha ngathi sesaseMpuma. Xa uqwalasela amatye ezikhumbuzo nobugcisa baseToledo, uya kuphawula ukuba kwasetyenziswa ubugcisa bamazwe ngamazwe obabufumaneka apha kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo. Xa izinto zazihamba kakuhle eToledo, kwiminyaka enoba ngama-700 eyadlulayo, abantu bamazwe ngamazwe bafudukela kwesi sixeko besiza neendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuphila.
Iindlela Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zokuphila
Ngaphambi kokuba amaRoma afike eSpeyin, amaCelt nabemi baseIberia bakha idolophu enqabisekileyo kule ndawo. AmaRoma ayibiza ngokuthi yiToletum (igama elisuka kwelithi tollitum, elithetha “indawo ephezulu”) aza ayenza yayenye yeedolophu zawo ezilikomkhulu. Umbhali-mbali ongumRoma uLivy wayichaza iToledo ngokuthi “sisixeko esincinane, esinqabisekileyo ngenxa yendawo esakhiwe kuyo.” Xa amaVisigoth athimba iSpeyin emva kokuwa koBukhosi baseRoma, akhetha iToledo njengekomkhulu lawo. Ekule dolophu ngenkulungwane yesithandathu, uKumkani uReccared wazigatya iimfundiso zama-Arian, nto leyo eyabangela iSpeyin yalilizwe lamaKatolika yaza iToledo yasisikhungo sikabhishophu omkhulu.
Unqulo lwalapha lwatshintsha xa iToledo yalawulwa ngamaSilamsi. Izitrato ezimxinwa zesi sixeko sidala zenziwa ngeli xesha, ukususela kwinkulungwane yesi-8 ukusa kweye-11. AmaSilamsi azinyamezela iinkolelo zezinye iimvaba nto leyo eyenza ukuba eToledo kubekho amaKristu, amaYuda namaSilamsi. Ngowe-1085, esi sixeko sathinjwa nguKumkani uAlfonso VI (ukumkani ongumKatolika). Nakuba ngoku kwakukhonya nkabi yimbi, abantu balapha baqhubeka bephila ngamasiko abo angafaniyo kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela.
Inkoliso yamatye ezikhumbuzo aseToledo enziwa ngamaxesha aphakathi. Esi sixeko saba likomkhulu labalawuli abangamaKatolika, yaye amaYuda alapha asebenzisa ulwazi lwawo lobugcisa norhwebo, kanti wona amaSilamsi eza nobugcisa bokwakha. Izifundiswa zeemvaba ezintathu zasebenza kunye kwiSchool of Translators. Ngenkulungwane ye-12 neye-13, zaguqulela iincwadi ezininzi zamandulo kwisiLatini neSpanish. Ngenxa yaba baguquleli, amazwe aseNtshona azuza ulwazi oluninzi ngenzululwazi yama-Arabhu.
Ngenkulungwane ye-14, iinkonzo zayeka ukunyamezelana yaye amaYuda angamawaka abulawa kumadabi onqulo. Xa uColumbus wabhaqa iMerika, iBhunga Lokuncinwa Kwamakholwa laseSpeyin lalinenkundla eToledo yaye kwafuneka amaYuda namaSilamsi akhethe phakathi kokuguquka ngenkani okanye abhace.
Amatye Ezikhumbuzo Zozuko Lwangaphambili
Namhlanje embindini wesixeko saseToledo kukho amatye ezikhumbuzo angaphezu kwekhulu. Ngenxa yembali eninzi kangaka, iUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization isigqala esi sixeko njengesinye seziXeko Ezibalulekileyo Ehlabathini. Ezona ndawo zimbini zamandulo zintle apha ziibhulorho ezixananaze kuMlambo iTagus, eyokuqala ikungenisa kwesi sixeko ngasempuma enye ngasentshona. Phantse zonke iindwendwe ziya kulithanda isango elikhulu iPuerta Nueva de Bisagra, elikhusele esi sixeko sidala sibiyelwe ngodonga.
Usemgama, uya kubona amatye amade ezikhumbuzo amabini aseToledo. Ngasempuma, kukho inqaba enkulu esisikweri ebizwa ngokuba yiAlcázar. Kangangexesh’ elide, kule ndawo kwakuhlal’ abalawuli abangamaRoma, kukho ibhotwe leenkosi zamaVisigoth, inqaba yama-Arabhu, nebhotwe lookumkani baseSpeyin. Sithethanje, le ndawo yiMyuziyam Yomkhosi nendlu enkulu yokugcin’ iincwadi. Kodwa ekubeni iToledo isisixeko sonqulo, embindini wayo kukho icawa enkulu yamaGothic.—Funda ibhokisi ekwiphepha 17.
Kule cawa nakwezinye zaseToledo kukho imifanekiso yomzobi owaziwayo owafudukela apha. Wayebizwa ngokuba nguEl Greco, igama elithetha “UmGrike.” Xa igama lakhe liphelele nguDoménikos Theotokópoulos. Kwindawo awayehlala kuyo kwisakhiwo esidala samaYuda, ngoku kukho imyuziyam enemifanekiso yakhe eliqela.
Mhlawumbi iToledo ibonakala intle gqitha xa uyivelela kwiinduli ezingezantsi kwesixeko. Phofu ke, usenokububona ubuhle bayo naxa ukhenketha kwezo zitrato zayo zixineneyo. Ekuqaleni undwendwe lusenokulahleka, kodwa luya kukhawuleza luzithande izitrato zalapha ezimxinwa, izakhiwo zakudala, iiveranda neevenkile ezithengisa izinto zakudala ezintle.
Nangona zininzi gqitha izinto ezinokubukwa kwesi sixeko samandulo saseToledo, ekugqibeleni iindwendwe zifanele zinduluke. Ziya kukuvuyela ukuphuma ngendlela entle edlula ngakunxweme olusemazantsi oMlambo iTagus. Amathunzi anabile, yaye ilanga liligqengegqenge njengoko lisithela phezu kweso sixeko sinamatye ezikhumbuzo abonisa uzuko lwaso.
[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 17]
IZITHETHE EZINTATHU ZASETOLEDO
Ebudeni beMinyaka Yaphakathi, iToledo yayahlulwe yaziingingqi ezintathu, ummandla wamaKatolika, owamaYuda nowamaSilamsi yaye zonke ezi mvaba ziphila ngokwemithetho nezithethe zazo. Ezinye iindawo zawo zonqulo ngoku zithandwa gqitha ngabakhenkethi.
➤ Indlu yecawa yamaSilamsi eyakhiwa ngenkulungwane yeshumi ebizwa ngokuba yiCristo de la Luz, ingumzekelo omhle wobuchule bokwakha bamaSilamsi. Yakhiwe kwindawo ekuthiwa yiMedina, apho kwakuhlala khona amaSilamsi azizinhanha.
➤ Nakuba kamva zaguqulwa ziziicawa zamaKatolika, apha kusekho izindlu ezimbini zamandulo zesikhungo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba eToledo kwakuhlala amaYuda amaninzi, umntu omnye kwabathathu kubemi bebonke besi sixeko. ISanta María la Blanca yeyona indala, yaye ngaphakathi kuyo, njengakwicawa yamaSilamsi engasentla, iinentsika ezininzi ezintle. I-El Tránsito, indlu yesikhungo ephangalele ngakumbi, (ngasekunene) ngoku iyimyuziyam yaseSpeyin yezinto zakudala zamaYuda.
➤ Eyona cawa inkulu yamaGothic eSpeyin yaqal’ ukwakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-13, nangona kwathabath’ iminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 ukuyigqiba.
[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 18]
AMAKRELE AKHETHEKILEYO, NEELEKESE IIMARZIPAN
Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamawaka amabini, abakhandi bentsimbi bebesenza amakrele, yaye intsimbi yodidi eyayisetyenziswa yayivela eToledo. NgakuMlambo iTagus kwenziwa amakrele awayesetyenziswa yimikhosi kaHannibal neyamaRoma. Kwiinkulungwane kamva, amaSilamsi angamagcisa avelisa indlela yokukrola yaseDamasko awayehombisa ngayo amakrele nezixhobo zawo ezenziwe eToledo. Ikrele laseToledo linjengeli liboniswe ngasekhohlo. (Funda inqaku elithi “Imizobo Yegolide Kwisinyithi” kuVukani! wesiNgesi kaJanuwari 22, 2005) Namhlanje, kwinkoliso yeevenkile zalapha ezithengisa izinto ezisisikhumbuzo kukho inqwaba yamakrele angafaniyo nenkitha yeziny’ izixhobo. La makrele azizikhumbuzo, yaye akunakufane uwabone edabini kodwa asetyenziswa kakhulu kwimifanekiso eshukumayo.
Ilekese imarzipan, eyenziwa eToledo yaqalisa ukwenziwa ngexesha lokuthinjwa kwesi sixeko ngama-Arabhu. Xa amaSilamsi aqalisa ukufika eSpeyin, abemi balapho babesele benamasimi amakhulu om-amangile—kodwa imarzipan yabo yayingekho switi. Kwiminyaka engaphantsi kwama-50 amaSilamsi alithimbayo elaseSpeyin, kwalinywa iswekile emazantsi eSpeyin. Ngenkulungwane ye-11, iToledo yayisaziwa ngokuvelisa imarzipan, yaye isathandwa nangoku ngabenzi beelekese. Sithethanje, eToledo kukho iivenkile ezithengisa kuphela imarzipan, yaye zidla ngokwenziwa zibe yimifanekiso emincinane. Nanini na utyelele eToledo, ufanele uzingcamle ezo lekese zimnandi.
[Inkcazelo]
Agustín Sancho
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 16]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
Madrid
Toledo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 18]
IBhulorho iSan Martin