ICawa YamaKatolika ESpeyin—Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya
“Okukhona ubani efumana igunya elingakumbi, kokukhona kusiba yingozi ukulisebenzisa kakubi.”—NguEdmund Burke.
INDODA eyakhe yanegunya elikhulu kwinkulungwane ye-16 eYurophu yayinguPhilip II, owayengukumkani waseSpeyin enamaKatolika. Ubukhosi bakhe obukhulu, “obungazange butshonelwe lilanga,” babunaba ukusuka eMexico ukuya kwiiPhilippines, ukusuka eNetherlands ukuya kwiCape of Good Hope.
Kodwa iminqweno yakhe yayiyeyonqulo kunokuba ibe yeyobupolitika—ikukukhusela inkqubo yobuKatolika eYurophu nokusasaza ukholo kubo bonke ubukhosi bakhe. Ekubeni wayekhuliswe ngabefundisi, wayeyisekile kukuba iCawa yamaKatolika yayisisikhuselo sokugqibela sobukumkani bakhe nempucuko ngokwayo. Ngaphezu kwako konke, wayengumtwana wecawa.
Ukuze ahambisele phambili iinjongo zenkqubo yobuKatolika, wasikelela iindlela ezikhohlakeleyo zeNkundla yamaRoma yokuNcina amakholwa; walwa nxamnye namaProtestanti aseNetherlands nanxamnye “nabangakholwayo” baseTurkey abakummandla weMeditera; engathandi watshata noMary Tudor, ukumkanikazi wamaNgesi owayengumlwelwe, kwimigudu elilize yokuba amnike ilifa lobuKatolika; wathi kamva wathumela uArmada ‘ongenakoyiswa’ kodwa owayekwalusizana ukuya kuhlutha iNgilani kubuhlanti bamaProtestanti; ibe xa wafayo walishiya ilizwe lakhe lingenamali—phezu kwayo nje igolide eninzi eyayifumaneka kumathanga.
INkundla YamaRoma YokuNcina Amakholwa—Iinkulungwane Ezintathu Zengcinezelo
Eyona ndoda inamandla eSpeyin yangena ezihlangwini zikakumkani, isiba ngumncini jikelele. Umsebenzi wayo wawukukugcina inkqubo yobuKatolika yaseSpeyin ingenabala yaye iyeyesithethe. Abo bangengabo abesithethe babezigcina kubo iingcamango zabo okanye basaba, ukuba nje amagosa eNkundla yamaRoma yokuNcina amakholwa ayengabafumani kuqala. Wonke ubani, ngaphandle kokumkani, wayesisisulu segunya leNkundla yamaRoma yokuNcina amakholwa nokuphathwa kakubi yiyo—kwaneebhishophu nabaphathi becawa yamaKatolika babengenako ukungabi nasiphako.
Ubhishophu omkhulu waseToledo wavalelwa entolongweni kangangeminyaka esixhenxe ngobungqina nje obungephi obathi bafumaneka, phezu kwako nje ukuchasa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kukapopu. Akukho namnye umntu eSpeyin owathi wafuna ukumthethelela. Kwaphikiswana ngelithi ‘kulunge ngakumbi ukuba kugwetywe umntu ongenatyala kunokuba kuhlaziswe iNkundla yamaRoma yokuNcina amakholwa.’
INkundla yamaRoma yokuNcina amakholwa yapheleka aboyisi baseSpeyin ukuya kumathanga aseSpeyin aseMerika. Ngowe-1539, kwiminyaka nje embalwa emva kokoyiswa kweMexico, umphathi ongumAztec waseMexico, uOmetochtzin watyholwa ngokukrexeza, ngokobungqina obanikelwa ngunyana wakhe oneminyaka elishumi ubudala. Phezu kwako nje ukuzithethelela kwakhe ngokusekelwe kwinkululeko yokuhlonelwa kwesazela, wagwetyelwa ukufa. Kula mathanga, njengaseSpeyin, iBhayibhile yayalelwe ukuba ibekho ngolwimi lwasekuhlaleni. UJerónimo López wabhala oku ngowe-1541: “Kuyeyona mpazamo iyingozi ukufundisa inzululwazi kumaIndiya yaye kuyengakumbi ukubeka iBhayibhile . . . ezandleni zawo. . . . Abantu abaninzi kwilizwe lethu laseSpeyin baye balahlekiswa ngaloo ndlela.”
Kangangeenkulungwane ezintathu iNkundla yamaRoma yokuNcina amakholwa yasoloko ibeke iliso elibukhali kwelaseSpeyin nakubukhosi balo de kwalithuba apho lathi laphelelwa yimali nangamaxhoba alo. Ibe ingenamaxhoba, awayebophelelekile ukuhlawula imali eninzi yezohlwayo, yonke le nkqubo yafikelela esiphelweni.a
Umoya Wenguqulelo
Kwathi kusakuphela inkqubo yamaRoma yokuNcina amakholwa, ngenkulungwane ye-19 eSpeyin kwakhula inkululeko kwaza kwancipha ngokuthe ngcembe igunya lobuKatolika. Imihlaba yecawa—de kwaba lelo xesha yayinemihlaba emithathu elinywayo—yathinjwa ngoorhulumente abalandelelanayo. Ngeminyaka yee-1930, inkulumbuso yobusoshiyali uAzaña wavakalisa oku: “ISpeyin iyekile ukuba yeyobuKatolika,” ibe urhulumente wakhe wenza ngokuvisisana noko.
Icawa yahlulwa ngokupheleleyo kuRhulumente, ibe inkxaso eyayinikwa abefundisi yapheliswa. Imfundo yayiza kwahlulwa kunqulo, ibe kwaqaliswa kwanokutshata nokuqhawula umtshato phambi komantyi. UKhardinale Segura wayelusizi ngenxa yesi ‘sithonga sibuhlungu’ ibe waba noloyiko lokuba isizwe sitshabalale. Kwakubonakala ngathi inkqubo yobuKatolika yayisiya kwisiphelo esingenakuphepheka xa, ngowe-1936, uvukelo-mbuso lwezomkhosi lwagungqisa isizwe siphela.
Imfazwe Yamakhaya—Imfazwe Yomnqamlezo Yenkohlakalo
Iinjengele zomkhosi ezakhokelela kubhukuqo-mbuso zashukunyiswa ziingcamango zobupolitika, kodwa kungekudala ungquzulwano lwaba neentshukumisa ezingokonqulo. Kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa zobhukuqo-mbuso, icawa, egunya layo lalisele lisingelwe phantsi yimithetho yakutshanje, ngequbuliso yazifumanisa ilixhoba lentlaselo enabileyo neyenkohlakalo.b Amawaka abefundisi neemonki abulawa ngabachasi bobhukuqo-mbuso lwezomkhosi abebenenzondelelo yempambano, abayijonga icawa yaseSpeyin njengefana nolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Iicawa nemizi yoonongendi zaphangwa zaza zatshiswa. Kwiindawo ezithile zaseSpeyin, ukunxiba nje isinxibo somfundisi kwakwanele ukuba ngumqondiso wemvume yokuba ubani ufanele abulawe. Kwakufana nokungathi irhamncwa eloyikekayo leNkundla yamaRoma yokuNcina amakholwa lalibuyile emangcwabeni ukuze liginye abalandeli balo.
Ijamelene nesi sisongelo, kwakhona icawa yaseSpeyin yaphethukela kumagunya ehlabathi—ngeli thuba kwezomkhosi—ukuze ifumane inkxaso kwiinjongo zayo nokuze ibuyisele isizwe kwinkqubo yesithethe sobuKatolika. Kodwa okokuqala imfazwe yamakhaya kwafuneka ingcwaliswe ‘njengemfazwe engcwele,’ “imfazwe yomnqamlezo” ukuze kukhuselwe ubuKristu.
UKhardinale Gomá, ubhishophu omkhulu waseToledo nokwangubhishophu omkhulu waseSpeyin, wabhala: “Ngaba imfazwe eseSpeyin yimfazwe yamakhaya? Akunjalo. Ikukulwa kwabo bangenaThixo . . . nxamnye neSpeyin yokwenyaniso, nxamnye nonqulo lobuKatolika.” Wambiza uNjengele Franco, owayeyinkokeli yabavukeli, ‘njengesixhobo samacebo kaThixo phezu komhlaba.’ Abanye oobhishophu baseSpeyin bavakalisa uluvo olufanayo.
Kakade ke, inyaniso yayingelula kangako. Abaninzi ababekwicala leRiphabliki kolu ngquzulwano babekwangamaKatolika anyanisekileyo, ngokukodwa kummandla waseBasque, oyindawo apho ubuKatolika obungokwesithethe besameleyo khona. Ngaloo ndlela, imfazwe yamakhaya yawafumanisa amaKatolika esilwa namaKatolika—bonke besilwela ubuKatolika baseSpeyin, ngokwendlela ubhishophu awaluchaza ngayo olu ngquzulwano.c
Xa imikhosi kaFranco yathi ekugqibeleni yathimba amaPhondo aseBasque, yabulala abefundisi abali-14 yaza yavalela abaninzi ngakumbi. Intanda-bulumko yamaFrentshi uJacques Maritain, ebhala ngezenzo zenkohlakalo ezenziwa nxamnye namaKatolika aseBasque, waphawula ukuba “Imfazwe eNgcwele iyawathiya amakholwa angazinikeli ngenzondelelo engakumbi kunabo bangengomakholwa.”
Emva kweminyaka emithathu yokuphathana ngenkohlakalo nokuphalazwa kwegazi, imfazwe yamakhaya yafikelela esiphelweni, imikhosi kaFranco ifumana uloyiso. Abemi baseSpeyin abasusela kuma-600 000 ukuya kuma-800 000 bafa, uninzi lwabo ngenxa yempindezelo erhabaxa yemikhosi eyafumana uloyiso.d Ngokungenaloyiko, uKhardinale Gomá wathi kwileta eyayibhalelwe abefundisi: “Akukho bani unokulikhanyela elokuba igunya eliye layiphelisa le mfazwe nguThixo ngokwakhe, unqulo lwakhe, imimiselo yakhe, umthetho wakhe, ubukho bakhe, nempembelelo yakhe ehlala ihleli kwimbali yethu.”
Ukususela ngexesha lokumiselwa kweNkundla yamaRoma yokuNcina amakholwa ngenkulungwane ye-15 ukuya kwixesha leMfazwe Yamakhaya yaseSpeyin (1936-39), ngaphandle kwezihlandlo ezithile ezimbalwa, iCawa noRhulumente zazisoloko zinenjongo efanayo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, izilangazelelo zazo ezifanayo zaye zaneliswa lolu manyano lungengcwele. Sekunjalo, ukuba segunyeni okwexeshana kangangeenkulungwane ezintlanu —nokusetyenziswa kwegunya kakubi okwakuhambisana noko—kwakulisingele phantsi kanobom igunya lokomoya lecawa, njengoko inqaku lethu elilandelayo liza kubonisa.
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a Ixhoba lokugqibela laba lusizana lomphathi wesikolo elaxhonywa eValencia ngowe-1826 ngenxa yokusebenzisa ibinzana elithi “Dumisani uThixo” kunokusebenzisa elithi “Dumisani uMariya” kwimithandazo yasesikolweni.
b Ngokwengxelo yecawa eyabhalwa nguCanon Arboleya ngowe-1933, umntu osebenzayo wayeyigqala icawa njengenxalenye engokwemvelo yodidi lwezityebi nolwabo banamalungelo akhethekileyo olwalumxhaphaza. Lo kaArboleya wacacisa esithi: “Abantu basaba ecaweni kuba bekholelwa ekubeni ilolona tshaba lwabo lukhulu.”
c Enyanisweni bambi abefundisi bamaKatolika balwa emikhosini kaFranco. Umfundisi werhamente yaseZafra, uExtremadura, ngokukhethekileyo wayedume kakubi ngenkohlakalo yakhe. Kwelinye icala abefundisi abambalwa bakuchasa ngenkalipho ukubulawa kwabaxhasi ababekrokrelwa beRiphabliki—ibe ubuncinane omnye wabo wabulawa ngenxa yesi sizathu. UKhardinale Vidal y Barraquer, owazama ukulondoloza ukungathabathi cala kulo lonke ungquzulwano, wanyanzelwa ngurhulumente kaFranco ukuba asabe de kwalithuba lokufa kwakhe ngowe-1943.
d Amanani achanileyo awanakufumaneka, ibe ubalo luqikelelwe.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 8]
Imfazwe Yamakhaya ESpeyin—Izibhengezo Zoobhishophu
Kungekudala emva kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe (ngowe-1936), uKhardinale Gomá waluchaza olu ngquzulwano njengomlo ophakathi “kweSpeyin nabachasi beSpeyin, phakathi kwabo bonqulo nabo bangakholelwayo kuThixo, phakathi kwempucuko yobuKristu nentswela-nkcubeko.”
La Guerra de España, 1936-1939, iphepha 261.
Ubhishophu waseCartagena wathi: “Zisikelelekile iinkanunu, ukuba iVangeli ihambela phambili kwezo ndawo bezidlavula kuzo.”
La Guerra de España, 1936-1939, amaphepha 264-5.
NgoJulayi 1, 1937, oobhishophu baseSpeyin bakhupha incwadi eyayibhalwe ngabo bonke eyandlala ukuma kwamaKatolika kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, yachaza oku kulandelayo:
“Icawa, phezu kwawo nje umoya wayo woxolo, . . . ayinako ukungathabathi cala ekulweni. . . . ESpeyin kwakungekho ndlela ingenye yokubuyisela okusesikweni, uxolo, neengenelo ezifumaneka kwezo zinto ngaphandle kweMpembelelo yoBuzwe [imikhosi kaFranco yobuFasi].”
“Sikholelwa ekubeni igama elithi iMpembelelo yoBuzwe lifanelekile, okokuqala ngenxa yomoya walo, obonakalisa indlela abacinga ngayo abantu abaninzi baseSpeyin, yaye likuphela kwethemba lesizwe siphela.”
Enciclopedia Espasa-Calpe, isihlomelo sowe-1936-1939, amaphepha 1553-5.
Kwamanye amazwe oobhishophu bamaKatolika babesukela phezulu ekuxhaseni oogxa babo abaseSpeyin. UKhardinale Verdier, ongubhishophu omkhulu waseParis, wayichaza imfazwe yamakhaya ‘njengongquzulwano phakathi kwempucuko yobuKristu nempucuko yabo bangakholelwayo kuThixo,’ ngoxa uKhardinale Faulhaber waseJamani wawabongozayo onke amaJamani ukuba athandazele abo “bakhusela amalungelo angcwele kaThixo, ukuze abanike uloyiso abo balwayo ku[le] mfazwe ingcwele.”
Enciclopedia Espasa-Calpe, isihlomelo sowe-1936-1939, amaphepha 1556-7.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]
Ngokusuka kwesi sakhiwo esilibhotwe nekuhlala kuso oonongendi esiseSan Lorenzo del Escorial, uPhilip II wayelawula kubukhosi bakhe, ‘apho kwakungazange kutshone langa’