Ukumkani Ufuna Ubulumko

NGUMBHALI KAVUKANI! ESPEYIN

NGENKULUNGWANE ye-13 abantu babenganyamezelani yaye kwakuzele ugonyamelo. EYurophu kwakugquba iNkundla yamaRoma Katolika yokuNcina Amakholwa neeMfazwe Zomnqamlezo ekwafa kuzo abantu abaninzi. Noko ke, naphakathi kwelo xesha lezidubedube, omnye ukumkani waseSpeyin waba nempembelelo entle kubantu bexesha lakhe. Igama lakhe yayinguAlfonso X, owayekwabizwa ngokuba nguAlfonso Osisilumko.

Kuthiwa lo kumkani wenza iinguqu ezininzi kwimicimbi yentlalo ngenkulungwane ye-13. Wazisa ubugcisa obutsha eSpeyin obabuvela kumazwe akude. Wayenomdla okhethekileyo kubugcisa, imbali, umthetho nenzululwazi. Oku kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kwimpucuko yaseSpeyin neYurophu iphela. Noko ke, okuphawuleka nakakhulu kukuba iphulo lakhe lokuphucula imfundo lamenza wafak’ isandla ekubhengezweni kweLizwi likaThixo, iBhayibhile Engcwele.

UAlfonso waba negalelo ekusekweni kweziko lemfundo apho amaYuda, amaSilamsi “namaKristu” awayefundile awayenokuphakelana ngezimvo. Ukuze wenziwe lo msebenzi, ukumkani wakha waza waxhasa ngemali iziko likaRhulumente lokuqala ehlabathini lokugcin’ iincwadi.

Yena ngokwakhe, uAlfonso wabhala waza wadibanisa iincwadi zomthetho, inzululwazi nembali. Waququzelela ukubhalwa kweencwadi nemibongo, izinto awayenobuchule kuzo, njengoko kuboniswa ziingoma ezaziculwa ngabakhonzi bakhe. Le mibongo yayibhalwe ngesiGallego (isiGalicia), ulwimi olwalusetyenziswa ngelo xesha ekubhaleni iingoma.

Iqela Labaguquleli

UAlfonso wakha iSikolo Sabaguquleli eToledo. Incwadi ethi La Escuela de Traductores de Toledo (ISikolo Sabaguquleli EToledo) ithi: “Umsebenzi kakumkani yayikukukhetha abaguquleli neencwadi ezazifanele ziguqulelwe. Waphinda wazihlola ezi ncwadi ziguqulelweyo, wakhuthaza ukuba kuxoxwe ngazo waza waxhasa iphulo lokubhalwa kweencwadi ezintsha.”

Iinkcuba-buchopho zaseToledo zaqala ngokuguqulela iincwadi ezininzi zesiArabhu. Izifundiswa ezingamaSilamsi zazisele ziyiguqulele kwisiArabhu inkoliso yeencwadi eziphambili zempucuko yamaGrike, yamaIndiya, yamaPersi neyamaSiriya. Lo vimba wolwazi wawusetyenziswa ngabaphengululi bamaSilamsi ekuphuculeni izifundo zemethametika, izifundo ngeenkwenkwezi, imbali kunye nejiyografi. Nakwisikolo saseToledo lwasetyenziswa gqitha olu lwazi luninzi. Njani? Ngokuguqulela iincwadi ezibalulekileyo zisiwe kwisiLatini neSpanish.

Zaduma ezi zifundiswa zaseToledo nakwamany’ amazwe. Kungekudala abaphengululi bezinye iiyunivesithi ezikumantla Yurophu bathontelana ukuza eToledo. Konke oku kwaba negalelo kwinkqubela yenzululwazi nasekubhalweni kweencwadi ezingakumbi zaseNtshona. Enyanisweni, eli phulo likhulu lokuguqulelwa kweencwadi laba negalelo kuHlaziyo.

Umsebenzi wabaguquleli baseToledo wanceda oogqirha bakwazi ukufunda iincwadi zonyango zikaGalen, uHippocrates noAvicenna, incwadi yabo ethi Canon of Medicine eyasetyenziswa kwizifundo zonyango kwiiyunivesithi zaseYurophu de kwayinkulungwane ye-17. Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zakwazi ukufunda iincwadi zikaPtolemy zaza zazuza kwizifundo zetrigonometry yama-Arabhu nezicangca zezifundo zika-al-Khwārizmī zeenkwenkwezi.a

UAlfonso wayefuna ezo nguqulelo ziqondwe nangabantu nje abaqhelekileyo. Oku kwabangela ukuba ulwimi lweSpanish lusetyenziswe kwinzululwazi nasekubhaleni iincwadi. Eli phulo lika-Alfonso lanceda ekuguquleni uluvo lokuba isiLatini sasilulwimi lwenkcubeko.

IBhayibhile Ka-Alfonso

Amava afunyanwa ngabo baguquleli baseToledo xa babeguqulela iincwadi ezininzi amele ukuba aba luncedo gqitha xa uAlfonso wayalela ukuba kuguqulelwe amacandelo athile eBhayibhile kwiSpanish. Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali waseSpeyin, uJuan de Mariana, ukumkani wayalela ukuba kuguqulelwe iBhayibhile enethemba lokuba oku kuya kuluphucula ulwimi lweSpanish kuze kulutyebise. Ngokuqinisekileyo, le nguqulelo yamandulo yeBhayibhile yafak’ isandla ekuphuculweni kweSpanish.

Ukumkani wayeyigqala iBhayibhile njengexabisekileyo ekufundisweni kwabantu. Kwintshayelelo yencwadi ethi Crónica de España wabhala wathi: “Xa sicinga ngenzuzo yokufunda iZibhalo Ezingcwele, abantu bafunda ngokudalwa kwehlabathi, ukuzalwa koosolusapho. . . . ukufika kweNkosi uYesu Kristu, iimbandezelo nokubulawa kwakhe, ukuvuswa nokunyukela kwakhe ezulwini.”

Kwakhona waba liliso ngoxa kwakulungiselelwa iphulo elikhulu lokuguqulela incwadi ethi General Estoria. Eli phulo laliquka ukuguqulelwa kwamacandelo eZibhalo zesiHebhere kwiSpanish. (Amacandelo eZibhalo zesiGrike ongezelelwa kamva.) Le nguqulelo yomgangatho ophezulu neyaziwa ngokuba yiAlfonsine Bible (Biblia Alfonsina), yayiyeyona Bhayibhile inkulu eyakha yashicilelwa ngamaXesha Aphakathi. Yakhutshelwa amaxesha amaninzi yaye inxalenye yayo yaguqulelwa kwisiPhuthukezi nakwisiCatalan.

Igalelo Lika-Alfonso

Imibhalo-ngqangi yexesha lika-Alfonso yabagcina abantu benolwazi lweZibhalo ngamaxesha obumnyama bokomoya. Ngenxa yeenguqulelo zakhe, abantu baba nomdla kwiinguqulelo zeBhayibhile zeelwimi zabo. Ebudeni beenkulungwane ezimbini ezalandelayo, kwaveliswa ezinye iinguqulelo zeBhayibhile ngeSpanish.

Ukuveliswa koomatshini bokushicilela nokuzibhokoxa kwabaguquleli beBhayibhile baseSpeyin nabamany’ amazwe aseYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-16, kwahambisela phambili umsebenzi owawuqaliswe nguAlfonso nabantu ababephila ngexesha lakhe. Ekugqibeleni abemi baseYurophu bakwazi ukufumana iBhayibhile ngolwimi lwabo. Nangona ulawulo luka-Alfonso X lwaluneemfazwe nezidubedube, iphulo lakhe lokufun’ ulwazi lanceda ekusasazeni ulwazi ngoThixo.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 14]

IINGUQULELO ZEBHAYIBHILE ZAMANDULO ZESPANISH

Iincwadi zika-Alfonso X asizizo ezokuqala eziquka amacandelo eBhayibhile awayeguqulelwe ngeSpanish. Kwiminyaka ethile ngaphambilana, uHermannus Alemannus, omnye wabaguquleli owayesebenza kwisikolo saseToledo wayeguqulele IiNdumiso zesiHebhere ezisa kwiSpanish. Kwakhona, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, kwaguqulelwa iBiblia medieval romanceada Prealfonsina (IBhayibhile YamaXesha Aphakathi Esuka KwisiLatini Engaphambi Kweka-Alfonso). (Bona umfanekiso ekhohlo.) Le igqalwa njengeyona Bhayibhile epheleleyo indala yeSpanish. Akuthandabuzeki ukuba le nguqulelo yeBhayibhile yaba nempembelelo kwinguqulelo ka-Alfonso kwiminyaka eliqela kamva.

Ethetha ngale nguqulelo yeBhayibhile eyabhalwa ngaphambi kweka-Alfonso, umphengululi uThomas Montgomery uthi: “Lo mguquleli wenze umsebenzi osemagqabini yaye iBhayibhile yakhe ichanile yaye usebenzisa ulwimi olumnandi. Le nguqulelo ivisisana ngokupheleleyo neVulgate kodwa ayinamagama okanye amabinzana amaninzi esiLatini. Ulwimi lwayo lulula yaye lucacile, njengokuba kwakufuneka kwiBhayibhile yabantu abangasazi kangako isiLatini.”

[Inkcazelo]

IBhayibhile: Patrimonio Nacional. Real Biblioteca de El Escorial

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 12, 13]

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Alfonso X emnyango weSpanish National Library, eMadrid

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 13]

Ukumkani nabaguquleli baseToledo (ngasentla); abakhupheli abavunyiweyo (ngezantsi); iVangeli kaLuka kwi-“Biblia Alfonsina” (ekugqibeleni)

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 13]

Yonke imifanekiso ngaphandle komfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Alfonso X: Oronoz