Ukuqaqanjelwa Lizinyo—Eyona Nto Yakha Yabuhlungu

Kwindawo yembutho kwidolophu yamandulo, uchwenene wendoda uzingob’ isifuba esithi uyakwazi ukukhupha amazinyo kodwa ungaqaqanjelwa. Ugxa wayo, ubonakala emathidala, uyasondela ize le ndoda ikhuphe into enegazi engathi lizinyo lomhlathi ize iyithi qhiwu ukuze ibonwe ngumntu wonke. Abantu abaqaqanjelwa ngamazinyo bayahlawula ukuze kukhutshwe loo mazinyo aqaqambayo. Kubethwa amagubu kuze kukhaliswe namaxilongo ukuze abantu bangeva njengoko indoda igxwala ziintlungu nto leyo enokuboyikisa. Emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, abanye abantu basenokudumb’ iintsini, libe lona elaa qhophololo lingasabonakali nangetshengele.

BAMBALWA abantu namhlanje abaqaqanjelwa lizinyo abanokuqhathwa ngaloo ndlela. Oogqirha bamazinyo namhlanje bayakwazi ukunyanga izinyo eliqaqambayo, yaye abalikhuph’ izinyo xa kungeyomfuneko. Sekunjalo, abantu abaninzi bayoyika xa beza kuya kugqirha wamazinyo. Xa sibaliselwa ngendlela ababezidambisa ngayo iintlungu oogqirha bamandulo, kusenokusenza sibaxabise oogqirha bamazinyo banamhlanje.

Kuthiwa esona sifo sixhaphakileyo emva komkhuhlane kukubola kwamazinyo. Esi sigulo kudala sikho, kuba umbongo kaKumkani uSolomon ubonisa ukuba mandulo kwaSirayeli kwakuyinto elindelekileyo kubantu abakhulileyo ukuba baphelelwe ngamazinyo.—INtshumayeli 12:3.

Awanamntwan’ ankosi

Kwanokumkanikazi waseNgilani uElizabeth I wayeqaqanjelwa ngamazinyo. Undwendwe olwaluvela eJamani olwabona izinyo lakhe elimnyama lwathi “le yingxaki eyayibonakala igqugqisile kumaNgesi, ngenxa yokuthanda izinto eziswiti.” NgoDisemba 1578, lo kumkanikazi wayebhuqwa lizinyo imini nobusuku. Oogqirha bakhe bacebisa ukuba elo zinyo libolileyo likhutshwe, kodwa ukumkanikazi wangqisha ngonyawo phantsi, ngenxa yokoyika iintlungu. UJohn Aylmer, ubhishophu waseLondon owayengasenawo amazinyo wazama ukumkhuthaza ngokukhupha izinyo elalibolile ejongile!

Maxa wambi, abafokazana xa befuna ukukhupha amazinyo babesiya kubantu abacheba iinwele okanye abasebenza ngeentsimbi. Kodwa njengokuba abantu abaninzi babesiya besiba neentsiba bakwazi ukutheng’ iswekile, nokuqaqamba kwamazinyo kwaba yinto yomhla nezolo, lo nto yabangela ukuba kufuneke abantu abaziinkunkqele ekukhupheni amazinyo. Ngenxa yoko, oogqirha nabatyandi abathile bakuthakazelela ukunyanga amazinyo abolileyo. Noko ke, kwafuneka bazifundele, ekubeni iingcaphephe zalo msebenzi zingafuni ukuludlulisela nakubani na olu lwazi. Kwakhona zazimbalwa iincwadi ezazigwadla ngalo mbandela.

Emva kwenkulungwane efile uElizabeth I, uLouis XIV waba ngukumkani waseFransi. Lo kumkani wayedla ngokumbolamboleka eqaqanjelwa lizinyo phantse bonke ubomi bakhe, yaye ngowe-1685 akhutshwa onke amazinyo akhe omhlathi ongasentla wasekhohlo. Bambi bathi wayeqaqanjelwa ngamazinyo xa lo kumkani warhoxisa isivumelwano senkululeko yonqulo eFransi, nto leyo eyabangela ukutshutshiswa okuqatha kwamaqela amancinane onqulo eFransi.

Ukuqala Kwendlela Yezi Mini Yokunyanga Amazinyo

Ubomi obutofotofo bukaLouis XIV bakhokelela ekubeni kubekho oogqirha bamazinyo eParis. Xa wawusisihandiba kodwa ungahambisani nefashoni yaloo maxesha, wawujongelwa phantsi. Ukunxitywa kwamazinyo emboleko, kungekhona ukuze ubani akwazi ukuhlafuna, kodwa ukuze nje akhangeleke, kwavelisa iqela elitsha loogqirha abenza utyando—oogqirha bamazinyo yaye kubo kwakusiza izidwangube. Ugqirha ophambili wamazinyo eParis yayinguPierre Fauchard, owayefunde ukutyanda kumkhosi waseFransi. Wayebagxibha oogqirha ababevumela abachebi beenwele namaqhophololo angazi nto ngamazinyo ukuba akhuphe amazinyo abantu yaye nguye owokuqala ukuzibiza ngokuba ngugqirha wamazinyo.

Engasiboni isizathu sokuwugcina lo msebenzi uyindaba yakwamkhozi, ngowe-1728, lo kaFauchard wabhala incwadi eyayichaza indlela yokwenza utyando. Ngenxa yoko, wabizwa ngokuba “yiNgcali Yokunyanga Amazinyo.” Ekubeni abantu babehlala phantsi xa bekhutshwa amazinyo waba ngowokuqala ukuba nesihlalo sokukhupha amazinyo. Kwakhona, lo kaFauchard wenza izixhobo ezihlanu zokukhupha amazinyo, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe yayingekokukhupha nje amazinyo. Wenza umatshini wokubhola amazinyo waqalisa nenkqubo yokucika imingxuma emazinyweni. Wafunda indlela yokuvala umthambo oyingcambu yezinyo nokuxokomezelela izinyo elenziweyo. Amazinyo akhe emboleko awayenziwe ngophondo lwendlovu, ayenesipringi esasigcina amazinyo angasentla ehleli kakuhle. UFauchard wasungula ubizo lokunyanga amazinyo. Impembelelo yakhe yafika naseUnited States.

Ukuqaqanjelwe KukaMongameli Wokuqala WaseUnited States

Emva kweminyaka elikhulu efile uLouis XIV, uGoerge Washington waseUnited States wayeqaqanjelwa ngamazinyo. Emva kokuba eneminyaka engama-22 ubudala wayekhutshwa izinyo unyaka nonyaka. Usenokuyicingela indlela enoba wayeqaqanjelwa ngayo xa wayekhokela umkhosi waseMerika owawusilwa neBritani. Xa wamiswa njengomongameli wokuqala waseUnited States ngowe-1789, phantse wayengenamazinyo.

Lo kaWashington waba buphazamiseka engqondweni ngenxa yokungabi namazinyo yaye amazinyo akhe emboleko ayengahlali kakuhle. Yayibalulekile inkangeleko yakhe ekubeni wayengumongameli wokuqala eUnited States. Ngaloo mihla, amazinyo emboleko ayesenziwa ngophondo lwendlovu, lo nto yayiwenza angahlali kakuhle. Noochwenene bamaNgesi babenengxaki efana nekaWashington. Kuthiwa ekubeni la mazinyo emboleko ayesoloko esiwa abangela ukuba bangakwazi ukuhleka kude kuvele nelomhlathi.

Lulwimi etywaleni into yokuba uWashington wayenamazinyo emboleko enziwe ngomthi. Amazinyo akhe emboleko ayenziwe ngamaziny’ omntu, uphondo lwendlovu, ilothe. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba oogqirha bakhe bamazinyo babefumana amazinyo kubantu ababephanga amangcwaba. Abo baberhweba ngamazinyo babelandela imikhosi baze bakhuphe amazinyo kwizidumbu ezife emfazweni nakwabo babesecicini lokufa. Ngoko ke, zizinhanha kuphela ezaziba namazinyo emboleko. Ngeminyaka yee-1850 kwafunyanwa irabha eyaba luncedo ekwenzeni amazinyo emboleko, afumaneka lula nakubantu abangathath’ intweni. Nangona oogqirha bamazinyo bakaWashington babesele beziinkunkqele kulo msebenzi kodwa babengekawazi unobangela wokuqaqamba kwamazinyo.

Unobangela Wokuqaqamba Kwamazinyo

Mandulo abantu babecinga ukuba kukho umbungu obangela amazinyo aqaqambe, nto leyo abayikholelwa kwade kwayiminyaka yee-1700. Ngowe-1890 uWilloughby Miller, ugqirha wamazinyo waseMerika owayesebenza eJamani kwiYunivesithi yaseBerlin wambhaqa oyena nobangela wokubola kwamazinyo. Intsholongwane ethile ethand’ iswekile ityekeza iasidi ebolisa amazinyo. Kodwa kunokuthintelwa njani ukubola kwamazinyo? Impendulo yafumaneka kungalindelwanga.

Kangangeminyaka emininzi, oogqirha bamazinyo eColorado, eUnited States, babemangaliswa kukubona abantu balapho benegunanti. Ekugqibeleni, kwafunyaniswa ukuba oku kubangelwa ngamanzi aneflouride eninzi. Ngoxa besaphonononga le ngxaki, abaphandi bafumana enye into eyayiza kuba luncedo ehlabathini lonke ukuthintela ukuqaqamba kwamazinyo: Abantu abakhulele kwindawo enamanzi aneflouride encinane babolelwa ngakumbi ngamazinyo. Iflouride, efumaneka ngokwemvelo kumanzi amaninzi, iyawomeleza amazinyo. Xa kusongezwa iflouride kumanzi aneflouride encinane, ukubola kwamazinyo kuyehla ngomlinganiselo wama-65 ekhulwini.

Yaba iyaconjululwa le ntsinda badala. Ubukhulu becala amazinyo aqaqamba xa ebolile. Amazinyo aboliswa yiswekile. Iflouride ithintela ukubola. Phofu ke, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iflouride ayithabathel’ indawo ukuhlamba amazinyo nokuvungula?

Ukukhutshwa Kwamazinyo Ngaphandle Kweengqaqambo

Ngaphambi kokuba kufunyanwe amayeza okudambisa iintlungu, umntu okhupha izinyo wayeqaqanjelwa kanobom. Oogqirha bamazinyo babeligrumba ngaphakathi izinyo elibolileyo ngento etsolo, baze babethelele intsimbi eshushu ukuvala loo mngxuma. Ekubeni babengenawo amachiza okubulala iintsholongwane (antibiotics), izinyo elibolileyo lalinyangwa ngokunyanzela intsimbi eshushu engcanjini. Ngoxa zazingekabikho izixhobo ezikhethekileyo namayeza okudambisa iintlungu, ukukhupha izinyo yayingamava abuhlungu. Abantu babexolele ukunyamezela kwaezo ntlungu kunokuhlala beqaqanjelwa. Nangona kangangeenkulungwane kwakusetyenziswa amayeza amaninzi, njengomya, i-Indian hemp, iimandrakes, la mayeza ayezidambisa nje iintlungu. Ngaba oogqirha baya kuze bakwazi ukukhupha izinyo ngaphandle kweengqaqambo?

Isazi semichiza uJoseph Priestley wavelisa okokuqala initrous oxide okanye ilaughing gas ngowe-1772, kwafunyaniswa ukuba le gesi iyakwazi ukuthomalalisa iintlungu. Kodwa akakho umntu owayeyisebenzisa njengeyeza lokuthomalalisa iintlungu de kwangowe-1844. Ngomhla we-10 kuDisemba, kuloo nyaka, uHorace Wells, ugqirha wamazinyo waseHartford, eConnecticut, eUnited States, waya kuphulaphula intetho apho abantu babesonwatyiswa ngelaughing gas. Lo kaWells waphawula ukuba umntu osebenzisa eli chiza uzonwaya kabuhlungu esilevini kwizitulo ezikhulu kodwa angeva zintlungu. Le ndoda inovelwano yayingakuthandi ukubona abantu abaze kuyo beqaqanjelwa. Kwangoko yacinga ngokusebenzisa le gesi njengeyeza lokuthomalalisa iintlungu. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba alinike abanye abantu, walivavanya kuye kuqala. Ngosuku olulandelayo, wahlala kwisitulo abahlala kuso abantu xa betyandwa waza warhogola le gesi wada wayotywa. Ugxa wakhe wamkhupha isazi esasimqaqambela. Esi yayisisiganeko esibalulekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, yafumaneka indlela yokukhupha izinyo ngaphandle kweentlungu!a

Ukususela ngoko kwasetyenziswa iindlela ezihambele phambili zokunyanga amazinyo. Ngenxa yoko, uya kufumanisa ukuba ukuya kugqirha wamazinyo namhlanje akunto ibuhlungu kangako.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 28]

Amazinyo emboleko kamongameli wokuqala waseUnited States uGeorge Washington

[Inkcazelo]

Courtesy of The National Museum of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 29]

Umzobo wokukhutshwa kwezinyo okwesihlandlo sokuqala kusetyenziswa i-“nitrious oxide” njengeyeza lokuthomalalisa iintlungu, ngowe-1844

[Inkcazelo]

Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 27]

Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine