IBaikal Elona Chibi Likhulu Ehlabathini
NGUMBHALI KAVUKANI! ERASHIYA
KANGANGEENKULUNGWANE, izizwe zaseMongolia ezihlala kummandla wasezilalini namhlanje owaziwa ngokuba ngumzantsi weSiberia bezilihlonela eli chibi. Nangona amachibi amaninzi emakhulu kunalo, eli lelona linamanzi amaninzi nelinzulu. Elinye igama lalo lithi Baikal, ekukholelwa ukuba lithetha “Ichibi Elikhulu,” okanye “Ulwandle.” Ngenxa “yobukhulu” beli chibi maxa wambi oomatiloshe xa besiya kulo badla ngokuthi “baya elwandle.”
AmaRashiya alithanda gqitha eli Chibi. Esinye isazinzulu saseMoscow salibiza ngokuba “yingoma eluncuthu mazangwa abayincanc’ ebeleni.” Njengengoma etsho kamnandi iChibi iBaikal linezinto ezininzi ezintle—unxweme oluhle, amanzi angcwengileyo nezilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga ekungekho ndawo zifumaneka kuyo.
Xa ulijonga usesibhakabhakeni, iChibi iBaikal—elimalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-636 ubude neekhilomitha ezingama-80 ububanzi—libonakala ngathi liliso elicimezileyo. Apho kukho isinye kwisihlanu samanzi asehlabathini lonke, angaphezu kwamaChibi Amakhulu amahlanu aseKhanada naseUnited States edibene! IChibi iBaikal lingaphezu kweemitha ezili-1 600 ubunzulu. Ukuba ngequbuliso iChibi iBaikal lingatsha kungathabath’ unyaka wonke ukuze ligcwaliswe ngamanzi akwimilambo esehlabathini!
Ukungqubana Kwamazwekazi
Izazinzulu ngomhlaba zicingela ukuba eli chibi lenzeka kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo xa kwangqubana ilizwekazi laseAsia, elaseYurophu nenxalenye yeIndiya. Oku kungqubana kwala mazwekazi kwabangela ukuba kuyileke iintaba zaseIndiya ezibizwa ngokuba ziiHimalaya. Kwelinye icala abanye bakholelwa ukuba oku kungqubana kwala mazwe kwabangela ukuba kuyileke ichibi iBaikal. Ekuhambeni kwexesha intlabathi nezibi ezazikhukuliswa ngamanzi ehl’ ezintabeni angena kweli chibi laze kamva lazaliswa ngamanzi. Ichibi iBaikal libangelwa ngamanzi ehla ezintabeni. Ngoku imilambo nemifula engaphezu kwama-300 ingena kweli chibi kodwa ngumlambo iAngara kuphela ophuma kulo.
IChibi iBaikal alifani namnye amachibi aye aba zizidibi okanye imigxobhozo. Izazinzulu zicingela ukuba ziitectonic plate ezikweli chibi ezilenza lingabi ngumgxobhozo. Kunokuba eli chibi libe sisidibi liya lisiba nzulu. Ekubeni ezi tectonic plate zishushu ziwenza shushu amanzi eli chibi.
Phakathi KwiChibi IBaikal
Abanye abantu xa bekhwele kwiphenyane baba novalo xa bebona malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-50 ubunzulu ngenxa yokucwenga kwamanzi. Izilwanyana ezihlala kweli chibi ezinjengonoonkala ziphila ngokutya izityalo ezikhula emanzini ezinjengengub’ esele nto leyo elenza lihlale licwengile. Aba nonkala bancediswa zezinye izilwanyana eziphila ngokutya izityalo nezilwanyana ezifileyo. Amanzi eli chibi acoceke gqitha kangangokuba xa ayeye kuxilongwa angcoliswa yiglasi awayefakwe kuyo.
Ngaphandle kokuba ecwengile amanzi eli chibi aneoksijini eninzi. Kumachibi amaninzi ioksijini idla ngokunqongophala nto leyo ebangela ukuba izilwanyana zidad’ enyeleni. Ngokwahlukileyo kwiChibi iBaikal umsinga womoya uthwala ioksijini uyise enyeleni yechibi ize ixubane kakuhle namanzi. Ngenxa yoko, lonke eli chibi linyakazela ziintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana.
Izityalo ezikhula ngaphantsi kwamanzi zikhula kakuhle kumanzi acocekileyo nabandayo. Izilwanyana zasemanzini ezinjengekorale zikhusela intlaninge yezinto ezihlala emanzini. Izilwanyana okanye izityalo eziphila emanzini nezithanda ubushushu ziye zicukane kwiintunja zamatye akweli chibi. Izilwanyana nezityalo ezingama-2 000, ezili-1 500 zifumaneka kweli chibi kuphela.
Eli chibi lidume ngokuba nentlanzi ethandwa kunene ebizwa ngokuba yiomul. Ezinye izilwanyana ezilapha aziqhelekanga. Kukho nolunye uhlobo lombungu okhula uze ulingane neesentimitha ezingama-30 ubude yaye utya iintlanzi. Kukwakho nezilwanyana ezineseli enye eziphila phakathi kwentlabathi. Kwakhona eli chibi linentlanzi engaqhelekanga ebizwa ngokuba yigolomyanka efumaneka kulo kuphela.
Intlanzi encinane ekuthiwa yigolomyanka imnyama, iyabengezela. Ihlala ezantsi echibini yaye ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlanzi izala amantshontsho. Inxalenye yomzimba wayo inamafutha anovithamin A. Iyakwazi ukumelana nobunzima xa ingaphantsi kwamanzi ngeemitha ezingama-200 ukusa kwezingama-450; kodwa xa igqatswe lilanga iyanyibilika kusale amathambo namafutha. Igolomyanka xa iphekiwe imunc’ isintupha, yona neBaikal seal zezona ntlanzi zaziwayo kweli chibi. IBaikal seal yiyo kuphela efumaneka emachibini.
Ukutshintsha Kwamaxesha Onyaka
Kangangeenyanga ezintlanu ngonyaka iLake Baikal igqunyelelwa ngumkhenkce. Ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari umkhenkce uba malunga nemitha nangaphezulu ukuphakama. Xa ugqatswa lilanga umenyezela ngathi yiglasi ehlanjiweyo. Kwakhona ngangendlela ocwenge ngayo ungade ubone ezantsi echibini. Lo mkhenkce uqinile ngathi lilitye. Kwinkulungwane edluleyo, ngobusika beMfazwe eyayiphakathi kweRashiya neJapan, umkhosi waseRashiya wakha umzila kaloliwe owawunqumla kulo mkhenkce owasetyenziswa ngoololiwe abangama-65.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-Aprili ukusa kuJuni umkhenkce uyaqhekeka uqengqeleke ngokungathi kuyaduduma. Ingxolo ebangelwa kukuqhekeka komkhenkce ivakala ngathi ngumculo kubantu basekuhlaleni. Isazi ngendalo uGerald Durrell wabhala wathi xa umkhenkce, “usiwa wenza intsholo engathi yeyecangci uze wenze ingodlo engathi yeyeekati.” Njengokuba imozulu isiba shushu, umoya uphephezelisa umkhenkce, uwufumbe uze uwududulele elunxwemeni.
Njengokuba amanzi esiya ebonakala iintaka ziyabuyela kweli chibi. Ezinye iintaka zeChibi iBaikal, njengentaka ebizwa ngokuba yiCinclus cinclus ziyafuduka ebusika ziye kuhlala kuMlambo iAngara ekuphela kwendawo kweli chibi engenamkhenkce. Kulo mlambo zidibana nezinye iintaka eziphila emanzini njengamadada, amarhanisi nosikhwalimanzi.
Abantu abatyelela kweli chibi ngoJuni basenokubona iibhere zingaselunxwemeni zisitya imibungu yezinambuzane eqanduselwa kumatye eli chibi. Iibhere ziyayibimbiliza imibungu zingazikhathazi nakancinane ngaloo ngxolo yokubhuza kwazo. Izilwanyana ezininzi neentaka ziya ngaselunxwemeni zitsalwa zezi bhere zityayo.
Ngasekuqaleni kwentlakohlaza nehlobo echibini kubakho ingub’ esele, iba nokutya kwezilwanyana zaselwandle yaye namanzi aba luhlaza. Njengokuba uwajonge ungaselunxwemeni, amanzi eChibi iBaikal aluhlaza kodwa enzulwini umbala wawo unjengolwandle.
Elunxwemeni kukho iinduli zentlabathi namawa. Imifanekiso emininzi ethi ndijonge yamatheku namaphondo omnye umbhali awathi ngayo, “kuthi ngco ngaphakathi xa ubona ubuhle obahlukahlukeneyo” bamanzi nesibhakabhaka.
Ngasekupheleni konyaka, kweli chibini kubakho isaqhwithi. Ekwindla kubakho umoya oye ubhudle de kube ngathi kuza kubakho inkanyamba. Ngephanyazo uphakamisa amanzi angcwengileyo yaye aphakama ukususela kwiimitha ezine ukuya kwezintandathu. Ngamanye amaxesha onyaka umoya obhudla kweli chibi udla ngokutshonisa iinqanawa ezikhwelise abantu namaphenyane okuloba.
Ilizwe Elineendawo Ezintle
Nakuba eSiberia ingqele iqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo, kulo mmandla kukho izilwanyana zasendle neendawo ezintle ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kudederhu lweentaba ezine olungqonge eli chibi kuhlala isilwanyana esibizwa ngokuba yireindeer nebhokhwe yasezintabeni zaseSiberia.
Ummandla ongezantsi unamathafa. Ezinye zezi ntili zinengca zibizwa ngokuba sisitiya seentyatyambo saseSiberia, ngenxa yeentyatyambo zasendle ezingaqhelekanga ezifumaneka kweso sitiya. Phakathi kweentaka ekunzima ukuzifumana ezikula mathafa yintaka ebizwa ngokuba yiAnthropoides virgo nekuthiwa yiOtis tarda eyona ntaka inkulu eAsia.
Itaiga ihlathi elingqonge iChibi iBaikal nelisoloko liluhlaza libalulekile kulo mmandla. Eli hlathi liliphindaphinda kabini ngobukhulu ihlathi elishinyeneyo laseAmazon. Ngokufanayo nehlathi elishinyeneyo laseAmazon itaiga idlal’ indima ephambili ekulondolozeni imeko-bume yomhlaba. Phakathi kweentaka ezininzi ezihlala kweli hlathi kukho intaka ebizwa ngokuba yicapercaillie eluhlobo lwegrouse inendlela etsala ingqalelo yeqabane layo ngayo kwaye itsho ngentsholo emnandi. Kwakhona kukho exhaphakileyo eBaikal ibizwa ngokuba yiteal, bona iphepha 17.
Esinye isilwanyana esanyisayo esaziwayo sibizwa ngokuba yiBarguzin. Ngaphambili le nyamakazi yayizingelwa kakhulu kufunwa uboya baso obukhazimlayo. Ngenxa yoko, zange iphinde ibekho le nyamakazi kodwa ngenxa yabalondolozi bendalo iyafumaneka kwakhona. Ukuze izilwanyana zihlale zikho ukususela ngowe-1916 kunxweme lweChibi iBaikal kwabakho iBarguzin Nature Reserve. Sithethanje, zintathu iindawo ekugcinwa kuyo izilwanyana zasendle kunxweme lechibi, kukwakho neepaki zokugcina izilwanyana ezintathu yaye wonke umntu wamkelekile kuzo.
Ukucamngca Ngobunzulu Bendalo
IChibi iBaikal yeyona ndawo ye-UNESCO ibalulekileyo ehlabathini yaye yeyona ndawo ithandwayo ngabakhenkethi. Nyaka ngamnye bangaphezu kwama-300 000 abakhenkethi abatyelela eli chibi. Elinye inqaku kwi-Internet lithi: “IChibi iBaikal yiparadesi yezazi ngemvelo yaye yindawo entle onokuzikhuphela kuyo. Inonxweme oluhle, iintaba onokuhambahamba kuzo, unokuya kubona iintaka uze ukuvuyele nokukhwela iphenyane. IChibi iBaikal lisendaweni entle yaye eAsia yenye yezona ndawo zitsalayo onokuchithela kuyo ikhefu.
Xa ubona ichibi uye ucamngce ngobulumko bukaThixo nobungangamsha bendalo yakhe. NguThixo kuphela onokudala ichibi elihle ngolo hlobo nenkqubo yemvelo elondoloza ubomi. Umi ngaselunxwemeni lweChibi iBaikal, usenokuphinda amazwi ombhali weBhayibhile athi: “Hayi ubunzulu bobutyebi nobobulumko nobolwazi lukaThixo!”—Roma 11:33.
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 16, 17]
EKUPHELA KWENJA YASELWANDLE EHLALA ECHIBINI
KwiChibi iBaikal kuhlala amashumi amawaka ezinja zaselwandle ezondliwa apho unyaka wonke. Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba zeza njani kumbindi weSiberia nokuba zingekho kwezinye iindawo. Ezinye izilwanyana ezifana nezo nezikufuphi nalapha zihlala malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-3 220 ukusuka apha.
Inja yaselwandle inamehlo amakhulu asondeleleneyo, inobuso obusicaba yaye ezona ntini zincinane zimalunga neemitha ezili-1.4. Uya kufika zingamaqela zihlel’ ematyeni zigcakamel’ ilanga, zingabethani okanye zityhalane njengokuba zisaziwa ngaloo nto ezinye izinja zaselwandle. Kangangokuba inja yaselwandle engekho ndlongondlongo yeyona inobuhlobo ehlabathini.
Isazi ngebhayoloji sithi, “inja yaselwandle ayikho ndlongondlongo xa uyithelekisa neringed seal, iyavuma ukuba ibanjwe ungakhange uyibethe xa ibanjiswe ngomnatha xa izazinzulu zifuna ukuhlol’ okuthile. Enye incwadi ikhankanya ukuba iindadi zidada zide ziye kufikelela apho izinja zaselwandle zilele khona phantsi kwamanzi. Zinikela ingxelo yokuba naxa zazichukumisayo zaza zaziguqula azizange zivuke.
[Inkcazelo]
Dr. Konstantin Mikhailov/Naturfoto-Online
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 18]
INDAWO ABABEBHACELA KUYO ABANTU
Ngenxa yokuba ala ukulalanisa kwiinkolelo zawo ukususela ngowe-1951 ukuya kuthi ga ngowe-1965, uninzi lwamaNgqina kaYehova lwagxothelwa kummandla oneChibi iBaikal. Ngowe-1951, uPraskovya Volosyanko wathatyathwa wasiwa kwisiqithi esikhulu saseBaikal. Ekunye namanye amaNgqina agxothiweyo, ukuze agxoth’ ikat’ eziko wayebambis’ iintlanzi. Wazama iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokwenza olunye uhlobo lomsebenzi “wokuloba” ngokusebenzisa iBhayibhile yakhe ukwabelana ngeendaba ezilungileyo zoBukumkani nabantu abahlala eOlkhon.
Ngowe-1953, uPraskovya namanye amaNgqina amathandathu babanjwa ngenxa yokuba babeshumayela yaye wagwetywa iminyaka engama-25 ethothoz’ entolongweni. Emva kokuba ekhululiwe wakhonz’ uYehova ngokuthembeka kwibandla laseUsol’ye-Sibirskoye, kummandla waseIrkutsk. Ngowama-2005 itshoba lalal’ ubemthe. Sithethanje amalunga nama-30 amabandla amaNgqina kaYehova akummandla weBaikal nakwisixeko esikufuphi iIrkutsk.
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 15]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
RUSSIA
Lake Baikal
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 16, 17]
IChibi iBaikal neeNtaba zaseSayan
[Inkcazelo]
© Eric Baccega/age fotostock
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 17]
IBaikal teal
[Inkcazelo]
Dr. Erhard Nerger/Naturfoto-Online
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 15]
Dr. Konstantin Mikhailov/Naturfoto-Online
[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 18]
© Eric Baccega/age fotostock; Boyd Norton/Evergreen Photo Alliance