Oonothwal’ impahlana BaseAsiya Abakha Ubukhosi

Abantu baseRashiya babetyhwatyhwa kukoyika yaye bebhidekile. Njengomkhosi weenkumbi ihlokondiba lomkhosi ophalisa amahashe uthi gqi empumalanga unqumla ithafa elisithabazi, uthimb’ amaxhoba, uhlasela nawuphi na umkhosi ozama ukuxhathisa. YiNkosi yaseNovgorod kuphela eyabhungcayo kolu hlaselo. Ingqina lokuzibonela lilo elabhala ngesi sihelegu sokuhlaselwa “zizizwe ezingaziwayo” ezithetha ulwimi olungavakaliyo.

LO MKHOSI wawungowamaMongol namhlanje ilizwe lawo libizwa ngokuba yiMongolia ekumbindi nomntla-mpuma weAsiya. Oku kuhlasela kwabo kwaqala ngasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-13 Ngexesha Lethu yaye lwatshintsha imbali yaseAsiya nesiqingatha seYurophu. Kwiminyaka nje engama-25 umkhosi wamaMongol wathimba imihlaba emininzi kunemihlaba eyathinjwa ngamaRoma kwiinkulungwane ezine. Obu bukhosi bamaMongol babulawula ukususela eKorea ukuya kutsho eHungary nokususela eSiberia ukuya kutsho eIndiya, babusogqithwa bubukhosi bamaNgesi kuphela ngobukhulu.

Ngaphandle kokuba isithela thsuphe ngembali yaseAsiya naseYurophu, imbali emfutshane yobukhosi bamaMongol ixhasa iimfundiso ezininzi zeBhayibhile ngendlela abantu abalawulana ngayo. Ezi nyaniso ziquka ezi nkalo zilandelayo: Ukuzukiswa ngabantu lilize namampunge. (INdumiso 62:9; 144:4) ‘Umntu ulawula umntu ibe kukwenzakala kwakhe.’ (INtshumayeli 8:9) EBhayibhileni ookumkani abanamandla bezopolitiko abafuna ukulawula ezinye iintlanga bafuziselwa ngamarhamncwa aneengcwangu.a

Ayengoobani AmaMongol?

Abantu baseMongol yayizizizwe zoonothwalimpahlana ababezinkweli zamahashe ezivunyiweyo, babephila ngokufuya, ukurhweba nangokuzingela. Ngokungafaniyo nabanye abantu apho yayiba liqaqobana lamadoda elaliqeqeshelwa ukulwa ezimfazweni, onke amadoda aseMongol anamahashe, neentolo yaye ayengophuma silwe. Isizwe ngasinye sasinyanisekile kwinkokeli yaso eyayibizwa ngokuba yikhan.

Emva kokujijisana kangangeminyaka engama-20 enye ikhan ekuthiwa nguTemüjin (c. 1162-1227) yamanyanisa izizwe ezingama-27. Kamva amaSilamsi omlibo wamaTurkic obizwa ngokuba ngamaTatars amanyana namaMongol. Xa ophuma silwe baseMongol bahlasela amazwe asentshona, abantu baseYurophu ababetyhwatyhwa luloyiko bababiza ngokuba ziiTartar.b Ngowe-1206 xa uTemüjin wayesandula ukudibanisa iminyaka engama-40 ubudala abantu baseMongol bamenza uGenghis Khan eli gama lithetha “umlawuli owomeleleyo” okanye “inkosi enkulu.” Kwakhona wayesaziwa ngokuba nguKhan Omkhulu.

Umkhosi kaGenghis Khan wamahashe wawuhlasela ngokukhawuleza nxazonke amawaka eekhilomitha. IEncarta Encyclopedia ithi: “Emkhosini wayekrelekrele njengoAleksandire Omkhulu okanye uNapoleon I.” Umbhali-mbali waseAsiya uJuzjani wamchaza njengomntu owayekrelekrele, enengqiqo namandla.’ Kwakhona wamchaza “njengesikhohlakali esingenalusini.”

Ngaphaya Kwemida YaseMongolia

Umntla weTshayina wawulawulwa ngumlibo weManchu, ubukhosi babo babubizwa ngokuba yiJin. Ukuze baye kufika eManchu abantu baseMongol kwakufuneka banqumle kwiNtlango yaseGobi—kwakungengomqobo kubo kuba babekwazi ukuphila ngokusela ubisi negazi lamahashe. Nangona uGenghis Khan walawula eTshayina naseManchuria umlo wathabatha iminyaka engama-20. KumaTshayina wathimba abaphengululi, amagcisa, abarhwebi, oononjineli, abantu abenza izilingi nemipu.

Emva kokuthimba iSilk Road eyayinxibelelana namazwe asentshona uGenghis Khan wenza amaqhina ezorhwebo nobukhosi bukaSultan Muhammad waseTurkey. Ubukhosi besultan babugubungela iAfghanistan, iTajikistan, iTurkmenistan, iUzbekistan, nenxalenye enkulu yeIran.

Ngowe-1218 igqiza laseMongol elalinomdla kurhwebo lalo lagaleleka emideni yobukhosi besultan kodwa irhuluneli yelo phondo yalihlasela. Ngaloo ndlela yaqhwayw’ udushe olwakhokelela ekubeni umkhosi waseMongol uhlasele ilizwe lamaSilamsi. Kwiminyaka emithathu eyalandelayo, umkhosi waseMongol wawutshabalalisa njengeenkumbi utshisa izixeko, amasimi, ubulala nenkitha yabantu ngaphandle kwabo babenobugcisa abangenabo.

Umkhosi waseMongol oqikelelwa kuma-20 000 wanqumla eAzerbaijan waya eGeorgia waza wenjenjeya ukuya kumntla weCaucasia unqunqel’ egoqweni nawuphi na umkhosi odibana nawo, kuquka nomkhosi waseRashiya owawungama-80 000. Umkhosi waseMongol wahamba uhlasela umgama oziikhilomitha ezili-13 000, warhangqa iCaspian Sea, abanye bayigqala njengeyona mfazwe ibalaseleyo ezimbalini. Ukoyisa kwabo kwatshayelela ukuhlaselwa kweMpuma Yurophu ngabalawuli baseMongol abalandelayo.

Amalandela KaGenghis Khan

UÖgödei owayengunyana wesithathu koonyana abane bomfazi omkhulu wamiselwa njengoKhan Omkhulu. UÖgöde walawula amazwe awayethinjwe nguyise, abalawuli balo mazwe baqhubeka bembusa, waza woyisa ubukhosi beJin womntla weTshayina.

Ukuze uÖgöde alondoloze ubukhosi bakhe nomgangatho wokuphila okumgangatho ophezulu ababesele beqhelene nawo abemi baseMongol wagqiba ekubeni alwe imfazwe kwakhona kodwa ngoku wayeza kulwa namazwe ababengazange balwe nawo ngaphambili. Wahlasela amazwe asentshona Yurophu kwakunye nobukhosi bamaSung obukwiTshayina esemazantsi. Wayoyisa iYurophu kodwa kwiTshayina watsho phantsi kwaqhum’ uthuli. Nakubeni baphumelela ukuthimba imihlaba ethile yamaSung kodwa abazange bawoyise ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuhlaselwa Kwamazwe Asentshona

Ngowe-1236, umkhosi oqikelelwa kuma-150 000 wenjenjeya usinge kwintshona Yurophu. Ekuqaleni babezimisele ukuhlasela imimandla egudle uMlambo iVolga; emva koko bahlasela izixeko zaseRashiya, iKiev bayishiya iyingqushu. Lo mkhosi wamaMongol wathembisa ukuba babengazokuzitshabalalisa izixeko ukuba abantu babenokubanika isishumi sezinto zabo. Kodwa amaRashiya akhetha ukuzixhoma. Umkhosi wamaMongol wabadubula ngezilingi usebenzisa amatye, amalahle avuthayo nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Babesithi bakuqhekeza iindonga zesixeko abahlaseli bangene bembonzeleka bebulala kwanto iphambi kwabo, omnye umbhali-mbali wabhala wathi: “Akuzange kusale nempunde.”

Imikhosi yamaMongol yahlasela iPoland neHungary yaya kuma kufuphi nemida yendawo ebizwa ngokuba yiJamani. Amazwe asentshona Yurophu ayexhobe afohlela elindele ukuhlasela kodwa akazange ade ahlasele. NgoDisemba 1241 uÖgödei Khan wafa enxile eludaka. Abaphathi-mkhosi baseMongol babuyel’ ekhaya buphuthuphuthu kwikomkhulu labo iKarakorum elimalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-6 000 ukuze bakhethe umntu owayeza kuphatha.

Unyana wakhe uGüyük wangena ezihlangwini zakhe. Umntu owayekho xa uGüyük wayemiselwa ngumthunywa owayethunywe nguPopu Innocent IV. Upopu wayefuna ukuqiniseka ukuba iYurophu yayingazokuphinda ihlaselwe yaye wabongoza amaMongol ukuba amkele ubuKristu. UGüyük akazange athembise. Kunoko, wayalela upopu ukuba eze negqiza elinookumkani ukuba baze kubusa kwiKhan.

Iimfazwe Ezimbini

UKhan Omkhulu owalandelayo nguMongke yaye wamiselwa ngowe-1251. Yena nomntakwabo uKublai bahlasela ubukhosi beTshayina esemazantsi ngoxa omnye umkhosi waya kuhlasela entshona. Entshona bahlasela iBaghdad baza bayishiya iyingqushu kanti yona iDamascus yanikezela. Imikhosi yamaKristu yavuya kusakuhlaselwa amaSilamsi yimikhosi yamaMongol yaye “amaKristu” awayehlala eBaghdad ahlasela aza athimba izinto zabamelwane bawo abangamaSilamsi.

Kanye ngelo xesha xa amaMongol ayezimisele ukubatshayela kungasali netshengele amaSilamsi—imbali yaziphinda. Kwafika umphanga wokufa kukaMongke. La madoda enjenjeya ukubuyela kodwa kwesi sihlandlo sesibini ashiya amadoda ali-10 000 ukuze avale amazibuko. Ekubeni lo mkhosi wawungomelelanga, umkhosi wamaYiputa wawuthi qwaka qwaka.

La mkhosi wawuhlasela kwiTshayina esemazantsi waboyisa ubukhosi obufumileyo bamaSung. UKublai Khan wathi ungumseki wobukhosi obutsha bamaTshayina awabubiza ngokuba yiYuan. Nanamhl’ oku ikomkhulu lakhe lisabizwa ngokuba yiBeijing. Emva kokuba oyise intsalela yabaxhasi bobukhosi bamaSung ekuzeni kuphela kowama-1270, uKublai walawula iTshayina emanyeneyo isihlandlo sokuqala ukususela oko kwathi kwawa ukubukhosi bamaTang ngowe-1907.

Ukuqhekeka Nokuwa Kobu Bukhosi

Ngasekuzeni kuphela kwenkulungwane ye-14, ubukhosi obunamandla bamaMongol baqalisa ukugxadazela. Zazininzi izinto ezibangela oko. Ukulwa ngezikhundla kwenzala kaGenghis Khan kwabuqhekeza ubukhosi. Nawo amaMongol aye aginywa ngamanye alo mazwe awayewathimbile. ETshayina ukulwa ngezikhundla kwawenza buthathaka umlibo kaKublai. Ngowe-1368 ekubeni amaTshayina ayedikwe yeyokosa kukulawulwa ngabantu abonakeleyo, kukuhlawula izikhuntyu zerhafu abubhukuqa ubukhosi bamaYuan baza banyanzeleka ukuba babuyele eMongolia.

Njengoqhwithelo, ulawulo lamaMongol aluzange luthabathe ixesha elide, lwakhawuleza lwe shwaka. Nangona kwakunjalo, yaba negalelo kwimbali yaseYurophu naseAsiya kuquka nokudityaniswa kweMongolia neTshayina. Kude kube namhla, abantu baseMongolia basamothulel’ umnqwazi uGenghis Khan wokuqala njengotata wesizwe.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 13]

Uloyiso Luphumela Kurhwebo

Ngexesha lokubalasela kobukhosi bukaYuan obasekwa nguKublai Khan bakhuthaza ukurhweba nokukhenketha okubizwa ngokuba “yaba lelona xesha lokwandiswa korhwebo phakathi kweAsiya neYurophu.” Eli yayilixesha lomkhenkethi odumileyo uMarco Polo (1254-1324).c Abarhwebi bama-Arabhu, abamaPersi, abaseIndiya nabaseYurophu babebetha ngezikaTshiwo okanye bahambe ngeenqanawa babesiza namahashe, iikhaphethi, amatye anqabileyo neziqholo ukuze batshintshise ngazo baze bona bafumane iaramiki, isilika nezinye izinto zexabiso.

Ngowe-1492, uChristopher Columbus owayenemaphu yohambo lukaMarco Polo waphuma eYurophu wasinga entshona enethemba lokuba uza kuphinda avuselele amaqhina ezorhwebo nobukhosi bamaMongol. Wayengazi ukuba kwakusele kudlule iinkulungwane babhangayo obu bukhosi. Ukuwa kwabo kwaphelisa unxibelelwano phakathi kweYurophu neAsiya yaye amaSilamsi ayivala indlela eyayiphakathi kweYurophu neMpuma.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 14]

Ayesaziwa Ngokuzinyamezela Ezinye Iinkonzo

Nangona amaMongol ayenonqulo olwahlukileyo kodwa ayezinyamezela ezinye iinkonzo. Incwadi ethi The Devil’s Horsemen ichaza indlela abothuka ngayo abantu baseNtshona xa babengena eKarakorum elikomkhulu laseMongol, bakubona ubutyebi, inkululeko yonqulo, izindlu zeecawa, izakhiwo zonqulo zamaSilamsi neetempile.

UbuKristu obungxengiweyo beza neqela labantu ababeqhekeke kwicawa eseMpuma yaseByzantine. La maKristu aguqula abantu abaninzi baseAsiya abadibana namaMongol. Amanye amabhinqa atshata nabantwana begazi bamaMongol.

Nanamhl’ oku abantu baseMongol baneenkolo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ama-30 ekhulwini asabambelele kwiinkolelo zomthonyama; ubuBhuda baseTibet ngama-23 ekhulwini; yaye amaSilamsi sisihlanu ekhulwini. Omnye umndilili awunquli.

[Imaphu ekwiphepha 15]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Impembelelo yamaMongol

HUNGARY

RUSSIA

Kiev

Volga River

SIBERIA

Caspian Sea

Damascus

IRAN

Baghdad

UZBEKISTAN

MONGOLIA

Karakorum

Gobi Desert

KOREA

CHINA

Beijing

INDIA

Novgorod

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]

Umhlambi wamahashe eMongolia

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]

UGenghis Khan

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 12]

Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY

[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 15]

Scenic: © Bruno Morandi/age fotostock; Genghis Khan: © The Stapleton Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library