Idabi Lokukhusela Izinto Eziyimfihlelo—Nawe Ubandakanyekile!

Ngaba ukhe wayisombulula i-“anagram”? Ngaba ukhe wathenga into nge-Internet okanye wasebenzisa ikhompyutha ukuze ungene kwibhanki yakho? Ukuba kunjalo sele uqalisile ukusebenzisa iikhowudi ezifihlakeleyo.

UKUZA kuthi ga kule mihla, iikhowudi ezifihlakeleyo zazidla ngokusetyenziswa ngoorhulumente, oonozakuzaku, iintlola nemikhosi. Kodwa akusenjalo. Ngenxa yokufika kweekhompyutha neInternet, inkcazelo ebalulekileyo igcinwa ifihlakele kusetyenziswa iindlela ezininzi kuquka iipassword, eziba sisiqinisekiso sokuba le nkcazelo ivulwa ngabanini bayo. Eneneni, izinto azizange ngaphambili zigcinwe ziyimfihlelo ngolu hlobo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ngenxa yoko, sinokuzibuza oku: Ikhuseleke kangakanani inkcazelo yam eyimfihlelo? Ngaba ikho enye into endinokuyenza ukuze ndiphucule ukhuseleko? Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule le mibuzo, makhe sihlolisise ngokufutshane usukuzwano obelukho phakathi kwabo babhala ngezi khowudi kunye nabo bazichazayo—usukuzwano ekudala lukho kanye njengokubhala.

Imibhalo Eyimfihlelo

Olunye uhlobo lwemibhalo eyimfihlelo nekudala ikho ibizwa ngokuba yisteganography, okanye “imibhalo efihlakeleyo.” Injongo yesteganography kukufihla umyalezo. Umbhali-mbali uHerodotus wabhala, echaza ukuba enye imbacu yaseGrisi yabona ukuba iPersia yayilungiselela ukuhlasela iphandle lakowayo. Ifuna ukulumkisa abantu bakowayo, le mbacu yabhala ezi zilumkiso kumacwecwe omthi yaza yawaqaba iwax ukuze ifihle amagama, qhinga elo elalisetyenziswa ngamaRoma amandulo. Ngokutsho kukaHerodotus, eli qhinga lilula lalo mGrike lenza uKumkani wamaPersi uXerxes akakwazi ukuwaqubula, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba imikhosi yakhe yoyiswe.

Iindidi zakutshanje zesteganography ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso engangechaphaza namaphepha asele enamagama nemifanekiso ukuze kuthintelwe ukukhutshelwa kwenkcazelo. Le nto yokuncitshiswa kwemifanekiso ilingane nechaphaza, yayisenzeka ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Lowo uthunyelwa kuye lo mbhalo, uyalinweba eli chaphaza. Namhlanje, abantu abathengisa imifanekiso yamanyala ngokungekho mthethweni benza ngendlela efanayo. Bencedwa ziinkqubo zekhompyutha, bafihla le mifanekiso ngaphantsi kwemifanekiso, inkcazelo okanye umculo ongenawo amanyala.

Ngenxa yokuba le miyalezo igcinwa iyimfihlelo, isteganography asitsaleli ngqalelo kulowo uthumelayo kwanakulowo ufumana lo myalezo. Kwelinye icala, xa lo myalezo ufunyanwa, unokufundeka—ngaphandle kokuba wenziwe awabi nakufundeka.

Ukufihla Intsingiselo

Icryptology, okanye “imibhalo efihliweyo,” yindlela yokugcina inkcazelo iyimfihlelo ngokufihla intsingiselo yayo kungekhona izibakala zayo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuxuba nokwahlulahlula inkcazelo ngokwemigaqo ethile ebekiweyo, nto leyo eyenza abo bakwaziyo bawufunde lo myalezo.

AmaSpartan amandulo ayefihla imiyalezo, esebenzisa indlela elula ebizwa ngokuba yiscytale. Lowo ubhale le khowudi wayebhijela umcu wesikhumba kumsimelelo aze abhale umyalezo kuloo msimelelo. Xa ukhululwe lo mcu wesikhumba wawubonakala unamagama nje angenantsingiselo. Kodwa xa lowo uya kuye umyalezo, ebhijela lo mcu komnye umsimelelo olingana nalowo wokuqala, wayekwazi ukufunda umyalezo. Ukongezelela, kanye njengesteganography, umthunywa wayekhe anxibe lo mcu njengebhanti, icala elinamagama libe ngaphakathi.

Kuthiwa uJulius Caesar wayedla ngokufihla imiyalezo yakhe yasemfazweni ngokutshintsha oonobumba, ebeka omnye endaweni yomnye. Loo nto ithetha ukuba u-a wayebhalwa abe ngu-d, u-b abe ngu-e njalo njalo.

IMinyaka Yokhanyo eYurophu yabangela ukuba iphuculwe icryptography. Omnye wabantu abaphucula obu buchule yayinguBlaise de Vigenère, unozakuzaku waseFransi owazalwa ngowe-1523. Lo kaVigenère wancomela indlela eyayisele ikho yokufihla imiyalezo, eyayiquka ukutshintshatshintsha oonobumba abaninzi ngoxa ubhala. Le ndlela yakhe nekwakucingwa ukuba ayitshintsheki yabizwa ngokuba “yinkqubo esisintsompothi” (le chiffre indéchiffrable). Noko ke, njengoko kwakusenziwa inkqubela ekubhalweni kwekhowudi, yenziwa nasekuzivuleni.

Ngokomzekelo, xa abaphengululi bamaSilamsi babehlalutya iKoran, ebhalwe ngesiArabhu, bafumanisa ukuba abanye oonobumba babevela rhoqo kunabanye, nto leyo eyayixhaphakile nakwezinye iilwimi. Le nto yafunyaniswayo yakhokelela ekwenziweni kwendlela entsha equka ukubalwa kwezihlandlo avela ngazo unobumba, nto leyo enokutyhila intsingiselo efihlakeleyo yoonobumba abathile kumyalezo ofihliweyo ngokubala inani lezihlandlo abavela ngazo aba nobumba.

Ngenkulungwane ye-15 icryptography yayisele iyindlela esetyenziswa ngoonozakuzaku baseYurophu. Kodwa yayingasoloko iyikhusela imiyalezo. Ngokomzekelo, indoda engumFrentshi uFrançois Viète wakwazi ukutyhila iikhowudi zenkundla yakomkhulu eSpeyin. Ngaphezu koko, ngendlela awayenza kakuhle ngayo loo nto, uKumkani uPhilip II wakhathazeka kangangokude athi uViète unesivumelwano noMtyholi yaye umele atshutshiswe kwinkundla yamaKatolika!

Ezobugcisa Ziphantsi Kocelomngeni

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, ingakumbi ebudeni beemfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi, icryptography iye yaphucuka ngenxa yokuba yenzelwe ubuxhakaxhaka boomatshini, obufana neGerman Enigma, matshini lowo ofana nowokuchwetheza. Xa ubhala ngalo matshini ngendlela eqhelekileyo, kukho uthotho lweengcingo zombane ezitshintsha umyalezo lowo. Lo myalezo uthunyelwa ngeMorse code uze utyhilwe ngenye iEnigma. Noko ke, iimpazamo nokungakhathali kwabasebenzi abadiniweyo kwabangela ukuba abo baqhaqha iikhowudi bafumane indlela yokutyhila imiyalezo.

Kweli hlabathi linobugcisa bamanani, ukufaka imali ebhankini, ukuyithumela nokuhlawula kwakunye neengxelo zezamayeza, ezoshishino nezikarhulumente zikhuselwa ngamanani antsonkothileyo. Le nkcazelo ivulwa ngabo baneekhowudi zokuyivula baze bayibusele kwindlela efundekayo.

Ngoxa isitshixo esiqhelekileyo sinothotho lwamazinyo, yona ikhowudi inothotho loo-0 noo-1 abadityaniswe ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Zona iikhowudi ezinamanani amaninzi kunzima ukuzivula. Ngokomzekelo, xa ikhowudi inamanani asibhozo, la manani ayo anokudityaniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezingama-256, ngoxa ikhowudi enamanani angama-56 inokudityaniswa ngeendlela ezingama-72 eequadrillion. Kutshanje indlela eqhelekileyo yokuvula iWeb kukusebenzisa ikhowudi enamanani ali-128, nto leyo eyiphindaphinda kangangama-4,7 eesextillion leyo inamanani angama-56!a

Sekunjalo, abantu basakwazi ukufumana inkcazelo efihlakeleyo abangenalungelo layo. Ngokomzekelo ngowama-2008, abecuphi baseUnited States babamba amadoda ali-11 ngenxa yokubiwa kwenkcazelo yabantu efihlakeleyo. Kuthiwa eli qela lasebenzisa iikhompyutha eziziilaptop, nobunye ubuxhakaxhaka ukuze libe iinombolo zeecredit card needebit card ekuhlawulwa ngazo.

Ngaba Inkcazelo Yakho Eyimfihlelo Ikhuselekile?

Ngokuqinisekileyo, akulula ukuvula iikhowudi ezikhusela iakhawunti yakho yebhanki nenkqubo yokubhankisha ngeInternet. Kodwa ke, ubukhulu becala oko kuxhomekeke kuwe. IBhayibhile ithi: “Onobuqili ubona intlekele azifihle, kodwa abangenamava bayadlula baze bafumane isohlwayo.” (IMizekeliso 22:3) Ngoko yiba nobuqili uze ‘uzifihle,’ ungabi lixhoba lobuqhetseba nokubelwa ngokwenza ezi zinto zilandelayo:

◼ Faka iantivirus kwikhompyutha yakho.

◼ Faka inkqubo eza kunqanda ukufundwa kwenkcazelo eyimfihlelo.

◼ Faka inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yifirewall.

◼ Zigcine zisexesheni ezi nkqubo ngalo lonke ixesha uze ufake iinkqubo zokukhusela ikhompyutha yakho.

◼ Zilumkele izinto ozithunyelelwa nge-email okanye imiyalezo ongayaziyo nefuna ukhuphe inkcazelo yakho okanye uqinisekise ipassword.

◼ Xa uthumela inkcazelo eyimfihlelo, njengeenkcukacha zecredit card, sebenzisa iikhowudi ezifihlakeleyo, uze uyicime loo Web site wakugqiba.b

◼ Khetha iipassword ekunzima ukuziqashela uze uzikhusele.

◼ Ungaze ukhuphele okanye usebenzise iinkqubo zekhompyutha ongazaziyo ukuba zivela phi.

◼ Ngalo lonke ixesha yenza iikopi zeefayile zakho uze uzigcine zikhuselekile.

Ukuba ulandela ezi ndlela zisisiseko uze usebenzise nezinye ezinokuba luncedo ngoku nakwixesha elizayo, unokukwazi ukuphumelela idabi lokugcina inkcazelo yakho iyimfihlelo yaye ikhuselekile.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 26]

I-scytale samandulo samaSpartan

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 26]

Umatshini oyiGerman Enigma wenkulungwane yama-20

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 26]

Namhlanje inkcazelo yakho eyimfihlelo ikhuselwa ngeekhowudi ezintsonkothileyo