Indlela Ulimo Lwanamhlanje Olulitshintshe Ngayo Ihlabathi

WENZA njani ukuze ufumane ukutya? Ngaba uyakuthenga okanye ukulima ngokwakho? Kwiminyaka nje engephi, abantu bebezilimela ukutya. Kodwa sithethanje kumazwe azele imizi-mveliso, ngokomlinganiselo ngumntu omnye kwabangama-50 kuphela ongumlimi. Zitshintshwe yintoni izinto ukusa kuloo mlinganiselo?

Ulimo lwaphucuka ngokuthe ngcembe lwaza lwenza inkqubela ekhawulezileyo. Uphuculo ngalunye luye lwacinezela izigidi ngezigidi zeentsapho, yaye loo nto isaqhubeka nangoku ehlabathini lonke. Ukujonga indlela ukuphucuka kolimo okubachaphazele ngayo abantu, kungakunceda uqonde indlela elisebenza ngayo ihlabathi.

Ukuqala Kotshintsho

Okungumnqa kukuba, elinye lawona manyathelo abonakalayo eYurophu labakho ngenkulungwane ye-12, xa kwaqaliswa ukulima ngamahashe. Le nkqubo yayibangela ukuba amahashe asebenze ngaphandle kokuzikrwitsha. Ayesithi amahashe xa ebotshiwe, asebenze ngokuzimisela nangokukhawuleza kangangethuba elide kuneenkomo ezazisetyenziswa ngaphambi koko. Ukulima ngamahashe kwenza ukuba ithi kratya imveliso yabalimi. Babekwazi ukulima ngamakhuba entsimbi imihlaba ababengakwazi ukuyilima ngaphambili. Enye into eyaphucula iimeko kukufika kwezityalo ezondla umhlaba—njengeembotyi, iiertyisi, ifula nealfalfa—ezinika umhlaba initrojeni. Umhlaba ochumileyo wawuvelisa intabalala yokutya.

Oko kuphucuka kwezinto kwenza abanye abalimi ukuba babe nokutya okwaneleyo kokuthengisa. Le nto yabangela ukuba zikhule iidolophu, kuba kulapho abantu babethenga khona ukutya baze basebenze kwiindawo ezikuvelisayo okanye babe ngabarhwebi. Phakathi kwabavelisi, abarhwebi nabalimi abazizityebi kwavela nabantu abenza oomatshini bokuqala bokulima.

Malunga nowe-1700, uJethro Tull, umlimi oliNgesi, wenza umatshini wokuhlwayela imbewu otsalwa ngamahashe owangena endaweni yokuhlwayela ngesandla, okwakuchitha imbewu. Ngowe-1831, eUnited States, uCyrus McCormick wenza umatshini wokuvuna otsalwa ngamahashe owawunokuvuna ukutya okuziinkozo ngokukhawuleza ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunerhenqa elibanjwa ngesandla. Kwathi ke malunga nelo xesha, abarhwebi baqala ukungena nezichumiso eYurophu besuka kunxweme lweAndean lwakuMzantsi Merika. Ukusetyenziswa kwaba matshini nezichumiso kwabangela imveliso yokutya ikhule ngomkhamo owothusayo. Kodwa ezi nguqu zabachaphazela njani abantu?

Inkqubela kulimo yabangela iinguqu kwezorhwebo kuba kwaba kuninzi ukutya okungabizi mali ininzi okwakufumaneka ezidolophini. Ezi nguqu zaqala eBritani malunga nowe-1750-1850. Amawakawaka eentsapho kwafuneka afudukele kwiidolophu ezinemizi-mveliso ukuya kusebenza kwimigodi yamalahle, kwimizi-mveliso yentsimbi, kweyeenqanawa nakuleyo yamalaphu. Zazingenakwenza ngakumbi. Abalimi abasakhasayo, ababengazifikeleli ezi ndlela zintsha zokulima, babengafumani mali ingako ngemveliso yabo ibe ngenxa yoko babengakwazi ukuhlawula irente. Kwafuneka bashiye iifama zabo baye kuhlala kumatyotyombe axineneyo, apho izifo zazisasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Kunokuba iintsapho zilime kunye, kwafuneka ukuba ootata baye kusebenza kude namakhaya. Nabantwana babesebenza iiyure ezininzi kwimizi-mveliso. Akuzange kube kudala namany’ amazwe aba neenguqu ezifanayo.

Ulimo Olusekelwe Kuphando Lwenzululwazi Luza Neenguqu Ezingakumbi

Ngowe-1850, amanye amazwe ayesele enemali ngokwaneleyo yokuxhasa uphando lwezolimo. Uphando lwenzululwazi ngezolimo luye lwabangela ukuba izinto ziqhubeke zitshintsha ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, abo badibanisa iimbewu zezityalo bafunda ngemizila yazo baza bakhupha izityalo ezinemveliso kwanezo zizixhathisayo izifo. Kanti aba baphandi bafumanisa umxube ofanelekileyo weenitrates nephosphates eziyimfuneko kwizityalo nemihlaba ethile. Ukhula luye lwagcina abasebenzi basezifama behlakula ngexesha lokulima. Kodwa uninzi lwabo basebenzi lwaphelelwa yimisebenzi xa izazinzulu zenza amayeza okubulala ukhula. Ezinye izinto ekudala ziphazamisa abalimi zizinambuzane, imisundululu kwakunye nooqongqothwane ekuthiwa ziiweevil. Noko ke, ngoku abalimi banokukhetha phakathi kwemichiza emininzi xa befuna ukubulala nasiphi na isinambuzane.a

Izinto ziye zatshintsha nakubalimi abafuyileyo. Iirobhoti ezisengayo kwakunye noomatshini bokondla iimfuyo abasebenza ngekhompyutha banokusetyenziswa ngumalusi nje omnye onomncedisi wakhe yaye bebobabini banokunyamekela iinkomo ezingama-200. Kanti abalimi banokunceda amathole neehagu ukuba zikhawuleze zityebe ngokuzikhulisela ezishedini kunokuba ziye emadlelweni ngaloo ndlela bayakwazi ukulawula ubushushu obusemzimbeni wazo nentw’ eziyityayo.

Imiphumo yolimo olusekelwe kuphando lwenzululwazi idla ngokuba mihle. Abanye abalimi baye banemveliso kakhulu, mntu ngamnye obasebenzelayo evelisa ngokuphindwe kalikhulu okanye kude kube kaliwaka xa kuthelekiswa naxa zazingekabikho ezi ndlela ziphuculweyo zokulima. Kodwa ezi nguqu zibachaphazele njani abantu?

Zitshintshe Ubomi Babalimi

Oomatshini baye batshintsha indlela abaphila ngayo abalimi kwiindawo ezininzi. Ngoku abalimi nabasebenzi basezifama abaninzi kuye kufuneke babe nobuchule ekusebenziseni nasekulungiseni oomatshini abantsonkothileyo. Yaye ixhaphakile into yokuba aba basebenzi basebenze bodwa. Laphela elaa bhongo labantu abaninzi abahamba baye kulima, bahlakule baze bavune beliqela.

Kumazwe amaninzi kukho uhlobo olutsha lwabalimi, abo bangoosomashishini abafundileyo abathi ubukhulu becala babe nezinto abazivelisa ngobuninzi. Aba balimi bachitha imali yabo eninzi benyamekela umhlaba, besakha yaye benyamekela oomatshini. Kodwa ke, nabo baxhomekeka kwabanye ngokupheleleyo. Iinkampani ezinkulu ezivelisa ukutya noobhazabhaza beevenkile ngabo abalawula ixabiso aba balimi abathengisa ngalo ukutya kwabo, inani, ubukhulu kwakunye nombala wokutya abakuvelisayo. Ngoononjineli bezolimo abaceba inkqubo yaba balimi yokuvelisa yaye ziinkampani ezithile ezikhethekileyo ezibanika izichumiso ezifanelekileyo, izibulali-zinambuzane neembewu ezithile ekufuneka bezityalile kwiifama zabo. Zininzi izinto abaye baziphucula kwiindlela zamandulo zokulima. Kodwa basasokola nangoku yaye abanye abantu baxhalatyiswa ngumonakalo onokubangelwa zezinye iindlela zokulima.

Abalimi Baseneengxaki Nangoku

Kumazwe ahambele phambili kusanyanzeleka ukuba abalimi abaninzi bashiye imihlaba yabo ngenxa yokuba bengakwazi ukuthengisa izinto zabo ngexabiso eliphantsi njengeenkampani ezinkulu zolimo. Ukuze bakwazi ukuqhubeka bephila ngendlela abayithandayo, abanye abalimi kuye kwafuneka batshintshele ekunikeleni iinkonzo zokuzihlaziya, njengokungenela ezokhenketho, okanye ezinye izinto ezifana nokwenza iindawo zokumisa iinkampu, iindawo zokudlala igalufa kwanokuvelisa izinto zobugcisa. Abanye babhenela ekulimeni ukutya okungenamichiza, iintyatyambo, ekufuyeni iinciniba neealpacas.

Kumazwe asakhasayo, anabemi abafikelela kuma-80 ekhulwini abaphila ngokulima umhlaba, imeko ziba mandundu kubantu abaninzi abalimela nje ukutya. Iinkampani ezisehlabathini ezisebenzisa iindlela eziphucukileyo zokulima zinokuthenga uninzi lweyona mihlaba mihle ukuze zilime ukutya eziza kukuthengisa kwiimarike ezikumazwe akude. Besebenzisa oomatshini abambalwa, ukuba phofu banabo, abo bazilimelayo badla ngokusebenza umhlaba ongenamveliso okanye omncinane ukuze nje bondle iintsapho zabo.

Ukufuduka kwabantu abaninzi ezilalini besiya ezidolophini, nto leyo eyenzeka kumazwe amaninzi, kubangelwa yinkqubo eyaqala kwiinkulungwane eziliqela ezadlulayo. Ukuphucuka kwendlela yokulima kusanceda abathile kuze kubakhathaze abanye. Bambalwa oorhulumente, ukuba bakho, abaye babanceda ngokunyanisekileyo abantu abachatshazelwa yile ngxaki. Abantu babufuna ngokwenene uBukumkani bukaThixo, obuya kuphucula indlela yokuphila!—Isaya 9:6.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 23]

IINDLELA EZIMBINI ZOKULIMA

UEusebio uhlala kwiiAndes, uyalima yaye ufuye iinkomo ezili-14. Uthi: “Zonke ezi nkomo zinamagama. Ndiyakuthanda ukulima. Yonke imifuno siyityala ngokwethu. Mna nomfazi wam silimela size sivunele abamelwane bethu, baze ke nabo basincedise. Akukho namnye kuthi onomatshini. Silima ngeenkomo yaye kwiindawo ezimqengqelezi semba ngemihlakulo.

“Iinkomo zethu ezininzi zakha zabulawa sisifo. Emva koko, ndangenela izifundo ezifutshane zokunyanga izilwanyana. Ukususela ngoko asikafelwa nayinkomo enye yaye ndiyakwazi ukunceda nemfuyo yabamelwane bam. Sithengisa itshizi kwimarike yalapha, kodwa sifumana imali encinane kakhulu. Sekunjalo, siyakwazi ukondla abantwana bethu abathandathu.”

URichard ulima isithabazi sentsimi yaseKhanada eziihektare ezingama-500. Usebenza kunye nomntu omnye amqeshileyo, omncedisa ngamaxesha okulima nokuvuna.

URichard uthi: “Kule mihla ukulima akusadini emzimbeni kodwa kudin’ ingqondo. Itrekta yam nomatshini wam wokuvuna banomoya opholileyo ngaphakathi, ngoko akuyomfuneko ukuba ndivule ifestile xa ndikhwele kubo, nto leyo endikhusela eluthulini nakwizinambuzane. Ngenxa yokuba ndinoomatshini abaziimitha ezisithoba ububanzi, ndiyakwazi ukulima iihektare ezingama-65 ngosuku olunye. Kodwa ndithembele ngokupheleleyo kwaba matshini, yaye yiloo nto endenza ndidinwe engqondweni. Maxa wambi kudla ngokufuneka ndiboleke imali ukuze ndibatshintshe. Ukubuyisa kwam loo mali kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezingalawulwa ndim—imvula, iqabaka, iimakethe zezimali, nenzala yemali-mboleko. Le ngxaki yolimo iye yabangela iingxabano ezininzi emitshatweni, kangangokuba abanye abantu bade bazibulala.”

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 21]

Umatshini wokuvuna iMcCormick owenziwa ngowe-1831, uye wanceda abalimi bavuna ngokukhawuleza ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili

[Inkcazelo]

Wisconsin Historical Society, WHi-24854