Siyintoni Isizekabani Seengxaki Zamafama?
“Thina basebenza kwiFarm Stress Line siqeqeshelwe ukunceda amafama ahlangabezane noxinezeleko. Nathi singamafama yaye abanye bethu babekhe banazo iifama—njengawe—yaye siyabuqonda ubunzima abajamelene nabo abantu abahlala emaphandleni. Sinokukunceda uqhagamshelane nabantu abanokukunceda. . . . Yonke into esithethe ngayo emnxebeni ihlala iyimfihlo.”—La mazwi acatshulwe kwijelo leInternet likarhulumente waseKhanada.
ABEZONYANGO abaninzi bathi uxinezeleko yenye yezinto eziyingozi kumafama. Ukuze zincede amafama axinezelekileyo, ezinye izazi ngokusebenza kwengqondo zilungiselela ukuba ahlanganisane aze axubushe ngeengxaki zawo yaye zilungiselela nokuba abantu abahlala kwiifama babe neendawo abanokutsalela kuzo umnxeba xa befuna uncedo.
NgooLwezine ngokuhlwa, uJane inkosikazi yomfama uhlanganisana namanye amafama nezazi ngokusebenza kwengqondo ukuze afumane uncedo. UJane uthi: “Ndeza kweli qela emva kokuba umyeni wam ezibulele. Wayenomnqweno wokusebenza kwifama yentsapho yakowethu yaye ndicinga ukuba wathi akubona ukuba umnqweno wakhe awunakuzaliseka, waqonda ukuba akukho nto ayiphilelayo.”
Abaninzi baye baphawula ukuba linyuka ngamandla inani lamafama axinezelekileyo afuna uncedo. Kodwa siyintoni isizekabani seengxaki zamafama?
Iintlekele Zemvelo Nezifo
Ijelo leInternet likarhulumente elicatshulwe ekuqaleni lithi: “Ukuba ngumfama kuthetha ukuba ebomini bakho kukho izinto ezininzi ongenakuzilawula—imozulu, amaxabiso, irhafu, ukonakala kwezixhobo zokusebenza—zizinto ezingaphaya kwamandla akho. Kwanokukhetha ukuba sisiphi isityalo oza kusilima okanye ukukhetha [phakathi] kokuthengisa umhlaba nokuhlawula ngawo ityala kunokubangela uxinezeleko ekubeni imiphumo isenokuba mihle okanye ibe mibi.” Umntu unokuxinezeleka kakhulu xa kusithiwa kungakho imbalela, okanye isifo okanye xa kubonakala ngathi unokuphulukana nefama yakhe.
Ngokomzekelo, imbalela inokuwachaphazela ngeendlela ezimbini amafama. UHoward Paulsen ongumfama wathi imbalela yowama-2001, enye yezona mbalela zakha zambi kwimbali yaseKhanada yachaphazela izityalo nemfuyo yakhe. Ekubeni kwakome amadlelo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba athenge ukutya kwezilwanyana. Wathi: “Sele ndichithe i$10,000 [ama-R57 000] ndithenga ukutya kwezilwanyana yaye ngoku zitya ukutya ebezimele ukuba zikutya ebusika. Xa izinto zihamba ngale ndlela, awenzi ngeniso.” Kwezinye iindawo, izandyondyo zeemvula ziye zonakalisa iifama—zatshabalalisa kwanto elinyiweyo.
Ukubakho kwesifo sochwane nenyebethu ngowama-2001 kongezelela kwiingxaki awayenazo amafama aseBritani eziquka imad cow disease neswine fever. Ezi zifo—noloyiko ezilubangelayo—azidodobalisi ezoqoqosho nje kuphela. IAgence France-Presse ithi: “Amadoda omeleleyo, angafane akhathazwe zizinto ezincinane aye agixa xa ebona oogqirha bezilwanyana bakarhulumente betshisa imihlambi athabathe iminyaka eyikhulisa.” Emva kokuqhambuka kwesifo sochwane nenyebethu, amapolisa aqalisa ukuthimba imipu yamafama ekwakucingelwa ukuba anokuzibulala ngayo. Iminxeba evela kumafama akhathazekileyo yaxananaza ukuya kwiindawo zoncedo.
Ukungazinzi Kwezoqoqosho
Kwakhona kuye kwakho utshintsho olukhulu kwimeko yezoqoqosho. Uqweqwe lwencwadi ethi Broken Heartland luthi: “Phakathi kweminyaka yee-1940 neyee-1980, iindleko zokunyamekela iifama kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiHeartland eMerika ziye zonyuka ngokuphindwe kathathu, amaxabiso okuthenga oomatshini nezinye izinto onyuka ngokuphindwe kane, irhafu ngokuphindwe kalishumi, ingeniso yehla ngokuphindwe kali-10 ekhulwini, inani lamafama lehla ngabantu ababini kwabathathu yaye phantse kuzo zonke iifama, abantu bafuduka, amashishini ancipha yaye kwabakho ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho.”
Kutheni amafama engenzi ingeniso xa kunyuka iindleko? Namhlanje amafama achatshazelwa yimithetho yezoshishino yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngoko ke, amafama azibona sele ekhuphisana nabavelisi bokutya bamanye amazwe. Liyinyaniso elokuba le ndlela yezoshishino ivule amathuba okuba amafama athengise ukutya kwawo nakwamanye amazwe, kodwa oku kusenokuba neengozi ezingathethekiyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1998 abathengisi bokutya okuziinkozo nabathengisi benyama yehagu baseKhanada baba sengxakini xa abathengi baseAsia bathwaxwa kukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho.
Ukungabikho Kwabantu
UNjingalwazi Mike Jacobsen weUniversity of Iowa, ojongene neengxaki ezichaphazela abantu abahlala emaphandleni uthi iingxaki ajamelene nazo amafama, ziingxaki ezithwaxa abantu basemaphandleni. Uthi: “Iidolophu ezincinane ziindawo zokukhulisa abantwana, apho umntu azifunela iqabane lomtshato aze akhulise abantwana bakhe. Izikolo zalapho zikumgangatho ofanelekileyo. Alukho nogonyamelo. Ngaba le asiyondlela abacinga ngayo abantu? Imeko yezoqoqosho yezi dolophu ixhomekeke kwiifama ezizingqongileyo.” Ngenxa yoko, xa amafama ethwaxwa ziingxaki kubonwa ngokuvalwa kwezibhedlele, izikolo, iivenkile neecawa. Abasekho abantu abafuna ukusebenza kwiifama.
Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba iphephancwadi iNewsweek lithi kubantu baseMerika abahlala emaphandleni, abamalunga ne-16 ekhulwini bangamahlwempu. Kwingxelo yakhe ethi “The Rural Crisis Downunder,” uGeoffrey Lawrence uthi eOstreliya, “abantu basemaphandleni ngabona bangenamisebenzi, bamkela imali encinane yaye bangamahlwempu.” Ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho kuye kwanyanzela iintsapho ezininzi—ingakumbi ezabantu abaselula—ukuba zifudukele ezidolophini. USheila, osebenza efama nentsapho yakowabo wabuza: “Kuza kuthabatha ixesha elide kangakanani ngaphambi kokuba baphele abantu bokusebenza kwiifama?”
Ekubeni abantu abaselula befudukela ezixekweni, kwiindawo zasemaphandleni ezininzi kusele abantu abakhulileyo. Kwezi ndawo kumke ulutsha olunamandla yaye akusekho mntu wokunyamekela abantu abakhulileyo—kanye ngexesha abafuna ngalo uncedo. Olu tshintsho lwenzeka ngokukhawuleza lushiye abantu abakhulileyo abaninzi bedidekile yaye bexhalabile.
Ngoko iingxaki zamafama zinemiphumo ebuhlungu. Zichaphazela wonke umntu. Sekunjalo, inqaku elilandelayo liza kubonisa ukuba kukho ithemba lokuba ezi ngxaki ziza kuphela.
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 6]
Namhlanje amafama achatshazelwa yimithetho yezoshishino yamazwe ngamazwe
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 6]
“Kuza kuthabatha ixesha elide kangakanani ngaphambi kokuba baphele abantu bokusebenza kwiifama?”
[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 7]
UKUNGASETYENZISWA KWEMICHIZA NGAMAFAMA
Kuye kuthandwa ukutya okulinywe ngaphandle kwemichiza. Iivenkile ezithengisa oku kutya eKhanada zanda ngomlinganiselo we-15 ekhulwini nyaka ngamnye.
Kukutya okunjani oku sithetha ngako? Ingxelo yeAlberta Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development ithi “kukutya okulinywe kwindawo engafakwanga michiza yaye ukulima ngale ndlela kubangela ukuba zingafi izinambuzane ezisemhlabeni uze umhlaba uhlale uchumile, yaye kuqinisekisa ukuba izilwanyana ziphathwa kakuhle nendalo iyalondolozwa.”
Amafama alima ngaphandle kwemichiza athi le ndlela yahluke ngokupheleleyo kwindlela esetyenziswa ngamafama ajonge ukwenza ingeniso. Ebhala kwiCanadian Geographic, uKatharine Vansittart uthi: “Amafama amaninzi athanda ukulima into enye, yaye ukuze afumane isivuno esininzi asebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane nezichumiso ezenziwe ngabantu. Le michiza inokushiya ukungcola ekutyeni yaye ekubeni kufuneka ukutya kuthuthwe imigama emide kusiwe kwindawo yentengiso, kuvunwa ngaphambi kwexesha nto leyo ebangela ukuba kungabi nezondlo ezaneleyo. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba kufika kwindawo yentengiso kungekonakali, kudluliswa kumphunga onemichiza ethile ukuze kubulawe iintsholongwane, kuqatywe izinto ezithile okanye kudluliswe koomatshini ukuze kungonakali okanye kuvuthwe ngokukhawuleza.”
Ngoobani abathenga oku kutya? Ingxelo yeAlberta ithi “ngabakwishumi elivisayo abafuna ukunyamekela impilo yabo, oomama abaxhalabileyo nabantu abazelwe kwiminyaka eli-18 emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. . . . Ayisengabo abantwana ababesidla ngendeb’ endala ababeququzelela uxolo ngeminyaka yamashumi amathandathu.”
Noko ke, asingabo bonke abantu abakholelwa ukuba olu hlobo lokutya lubhetele. ICanadian Geographic ithi: “Ukuthengiswa koku kutya ngamaxabiso aphezulu kubangela ukuba abanye abantu bakuthandabuze kuba akukho bungqina ngokwenzululwazi bubonisa ukuba oku kutya kubhetele. Abanye baxhalatyiswa kukubona ukuba abantu abahlwempuzekileyo abanako ukukufikelela oku kutya.” Abantu abakuthandayo oku kutya bathi xa abantu benokutshintsha indlela abatya ngayo, kunokufumaneka kubantu bonke, kwizityebi nakumahlwempu. Ekubeni kukho ukubethabethana kwezimvo ngalo mbandela, bungekho nobungqina obaneleyo bezenzululwazi, ingathi iseza kuqhubeka ingxoxo ngokuphathelele ukutya okulinywe ngaphandle kwemichiza.
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8]
IZIBULALI-ZINAMBUZANE—INGXAKI YAMAFAMA
Kwezinye iindawo izifo zezilwanyana nezifo zezityalo ziye zatshabalalisa izityalo ezimalunga nama-75 ekhulwini. Esona sicombululo sale ngxaki kukulima izityalo ezingakumbi. Iphephandaba iGlobe and Mail lithi: “Amafama aseKhanada aye azama ukulwa nale ngxaki ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokulima ezenza ukuba afumane isivuno esininzi.” Sekunjalo, uTerence McRae weziko lokulondolozwa kwendalo eKhanada ulumkisa ngelithi: “Iinguqu ezininzi ziye zandisa amathuba okonakaliswa kwemeko-bume ngamafama.”
Kuthekani ngokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane? Nayo le iseyingxaki kumafama kuba kusekho ukubethabethana kwezimvo ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo nendlela eziyingozi ngayo empilweni. Ingxelo yeWorld Health Organization yabonisa ukuba ayaziwa ngokupheleleyo indlela eziyityhefu neziyingozi ngayo izibulali-zinambuzane. Ityhefu yezibulali-zinambuzane inokudluliselwa ekutyeni ngendlela engaqondakaliyo. Izilwanyana zitya ukutya okufakwe izibulali-zinambuzane. Kamva abantu batya inyama yezo zilwanyana.
[Inkcazelo]
USDA Photo by Doug Wilson