Ngaba Indalo Iyilwe Ngenjongo Okanye Ikho Ngaphandle Kwesizathu?

Ngowe-1802 umfundisi oliNgesi nofunda ezakwalizwi uWilliam Paley wachaza izizathu zakhe zokukholelwa kuMdali. Wathi, ukuba ebenokuthi enqumla ethafeni abone ilitye ebeya kugqiba kwelokuba libekho ngenxa yenkqubo yemvelo. Kodwa ukuba ebebone iwotshi ebengayi kufane acinge ngolo hlobo. Kutheni kunjalo? Kuba kaloku yona iwotshi iyabonakala ukuba yenziwe ngenjongo.

IINGCAMANGO zikaPaley zaba nempembelelo enkulu kwisazinzulu ngezinto eziphilayo esiliNgesi uCharles Darwin. Ngokwahlukileyo kwindlela uPaley azibona ngayo izinto, kamva uDarwin wabonisa ukuba ubukho bezinto eziphilayo buxhomekeke kwindawo eziphila kuyo. Abantu abaninzi baqiniseka ukuba ingcamango yendaleko kaDarwin ibobona bungqina bokuba izinto azizange zidalwe.

Zininzi izinto eziye zabhalwa ngalo mbandela ukususela kwimihla kaPaley nekaDarwin. Izizathu ezixhasa ukuba izinto zadalwa nezo zixhasa ukuxhomekeka kwezinto eziphilayo kwindawo ezikuyo ziye zaman’ ukucaciswa ngakumbi zaza zahlaziywa. Yaye zombini ezi ngcamango ziye zanempembelelo enkulu kwindlela abantu abakujonga ngayo ukuba nenjongo—okanye ukungabi nayo—kwendalo. Ukuba nenjongo kobomi bakho kuxhomekeke koko ukukholelwayo. Kwenzeka njani oko?

Imiphumo Yengcamango KaDarwin

Ukukholelwa kwingcamango kaDarwin kuye kwenza abantu abaninzi abanyanisekileyo bagqiba kwelokuba bakho nje ngaphandle kwesizathu. Ukuba izijikelezi-langa nazo zonke ezinye izinto ezikuzo ziye zabakho nje ngenxa yokudibana kwezinto ngamabona-ndenzile, kusakuba kwenzeke ugqabhuko-dubulo, akunakwenzeka ke ukuba ubomi bube nenjongo ngokwenene. Isazi sebhayoloji esafumana iMbasa kaNobel nesingasekhoyo uJacques Monod, sakha sathi: “Ekugqibeleni umntu uyazi ukuba uyedwa phakathi kwendalo enkulu ngendlela engathethekiyo awavela kuyo ngamabona-ndenzile. Akukho kwanto ichaza ngekamva okanye umsebenzi wakhe.”

UPeter William Atkins, unjingalwazi ngemichiza waseOxford wathetha into efanayo xa wathi: “Ndicinga ukuba le ndalo inkulu ngendlela engathethekiyo, iyamangalisa yaye iyakhwankqisa. Yona ayinakuthelekiswa nanto ngobuhle, kodwa ubukho bayo abunanjongo kwaphela.”

Asizizo zonke izazinzulu ezivumelanayo naloo ngcamango. Yaye ziyaqondakala izizathu zokuba kube njalo.

Ukulungelelana Kwayo—Ngaba Kububungqina Bokuba Iyilwe Ngenjongo?

Xa behlola imithetho yemvelo, abaphandi abaninzi abafuni nokuyiva into yokuba ayikho injongo yokuyilwa kwendalo. Ngokomzekelo, ayabachukumisa amandla alungelelanisa indalo. Kuyacaca ukuba imithetho elawula la mandla ilungelelaniswe ngohlobo lokuba indalo yonke ikwazi ukuxhasa izinto eziphilayo. Isazi ngendalo uPaul Davies sithi: “Ukutshintsha, enokuba kukancinane nje kwale mithetho, kungonakalisa into eninzi gqitha. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iiproton bezinokwanda zibe nkulu kancinane kuneeneutron, kunokuba zibe ncinane zonke iiproton beziya kuphela zisiba zii-neutron. Ngaba ikho into embi ngaloo nto? UDavies ucacisa esithi: “Ukuba bezingekho ii-proton ezinombane, ngesingenazo iiathom.”

Amandla emagnethi adibanisa iielectron neeproton kuze kubekho iimolekyuli. Ukuba la mandla ebenganelanga, iielectron bezingayi kujikeleza kumbindi weathom yaye bezingenakubakho iimolekyuli. Kanti ukuba la mandla ebemaninzi, iielectron beziya kuthi nca kumbindi weathom. Ngenxa yoko, imichiza ibingayi kusebenza kuze ke kungabikho nto iphilayo.

Utshintsho nje oluncinane kumandla emagnethi lunokuchaphazela ukufikelela kwamandla elanga emhlabeni. Loo nto inokubangela ukuba ukukhanya kwelanga kungakwazi ukunceda izityalo ukuba zizondle. Ngoko ke, ngala mandla emagnethi agqibayo enokuba izinto eziphilayo ziza kubakho okanye zingabikho emhlabeni.a

Incwadi ethi Science & Christianity—Four Views ikuchaza ngendlela ebangel’ umdla ukuchana kolungelelwano lwamandla nezinye izinto ezikwizijikelezi-langa. Umbhali wale ncwadi ucela abafundi ukuba babe nombono womntu otyelela igumbi ekulawulwa kulo indalo xa iyonke. Uthi ke lo mntu abone intaphane yamaqhosha anokujijwa asiwe nakweliphi na icala yaye ufumanisa ukuba qhosha ngalinye kufuneka libekwe kwindawo echanileyo ukuze kubekho ubomi. Elinye iqhosha lilawula amandla omxhuzulane, elinye lilawule imagnethi lize elinye lilawule umahluko okhoyo phakathi kobunzima beneutron nobeproton njalo njalo. Njengoko eqhubeka ehlola la maqhosha ubona ukuba anokujijwa aze eme kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Enye into eya icaca kuye yeyokuba emva kokubala ngocoselelo, bekunokuthi ukuba kungajijwa naliphi na kula maqhosha itshintshe indlela ezimi ngayo izijikelezi-langa kangangokude kungabikho nto iphilayo. Sekunjalo, qhosha ngalinye limi ngendlela yokuba ubomi buqhubeke. Lo mntu umele afikelele kwesiphi isigqibo ngendlela la maqhosha amiswe ngayo?

Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi uGeorge Greenstein uthi: “Njengoko sihlola bonke ubungqina, kukho isibakala esinamandla sokuba, mntu uthile onamandla angaphaya kwawemvelo unesandla kule nkqubo. Ngaba inokwenzeka into yokuba sithe singaqondanga sabubona ubungqina bezenzululwazi bokuba ukho Oyena uPhakamileyo?”

Uthini wena? Yiyiphi eyona nto sinokuthi ibangela ulungelelwano olukhoyo kwizijikelezi-langa? Ngaba indalo iyilwe ngenjongo okanye ikho ngaphandle kwesizathu?

‘Silapha Nje—Asikho Esinye Isizathu’

Abantu abangakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo banezabo iingcamango. Abanye abayifaki ngqondweni into yolungelelwano olukhoyo kwindalo, besithi: ‘Kakade izinto ezikhoyo ziyakwazi ukunceda abantu baqhubeke bephila. Xa bekungenjalo besingenakuphila ukuze sizikhathaze ngayo. Ngoko ke akukho nto sinokuthetha ngayo. Silapha nje yaye asikho esinye isizathu.’ Ngaba wena ucinga ukuba leyo yeyona nto ibangele ukuba sibekho?

Kanti abanye bathi, ngenye imini iya kuze icace into yokuba inye kuphela indlela anokumiswa ngayo amaqhosha nenokwenza ukuba imithetho yendalo isebenze kakuhle. Into etheth’ ukuthi ukuze ibekho indalo la maqhosha amele abekwe ngendlela eyiyo. Abanye bathi, ‘izinto ziyile ndlela bezifanele zibe yiyo!’ Nokuba le ngcamango ixhaphakileyo ibichanile, ayisiso isizathu esaneleyo sokuba sibe siyaphila. Ngoko ngaba kuzenzekele ukuba kubekho indalo exhasa izinto eziphilayo?

Nangona kusetyenziswa inkqubo yemvelo ukuze kucaciswe ukuyilwa nolungelelwano olubonakala kwizijikelezi-langa, basekho abantu abathi zininzi ezinye izinto ezidaliweyo. Xa beyilanda apho isuka khona indalo bejonga ukuyilwa nokulungelelana kwayo, abanye basathi indalo ikho kodwa ayiphelelanga kule siyibonayo. Ngokwale nkcazelo, mhlawumbi siphila kwenye yeendawo ezininzi ezikhoyo ezineemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa ibe ingekho edalwe ngenjongo okanye enomyili. Ngoko izinto siza kuzijonga ngokwale mbono size siqwalasele nezinye izinto ezinokwenzeka, xa sinezijikelezi-langa ezininzi simele sibekho esi sineemeko ezilungiselelwe izinto eziphilayo. Kodwa ke abukho ubungqina benzululwazi obuxhasa le ngcamango. Nguqashi-qashi nje wento.

Emva kokuchaza ukuba yena akayingenanga le nto yaloo ngcamango uChristian de Duve, oyingcali yamachiza eyafumana iMbasa kaNobel wathi: “Mna ndicinga ukuba, nokuba zinganinzi kangakanani na izijikelezi-langa ekungenakuphila nto kuzo, ezona zinto zibalulekileyo bubomi namandla omntu okucinga.” Into yokumana kusithiwa kukho ezinye izigidi ngezigidi zezijikelezi-langa akusenzi singabaluleki isijikelezi-langa esikuso kwakunye nezinye izinto ezibalaseleyo ngaso, nto leyo endenza ndiqonde ukuba ‘Eyona Nyaniso’ kukuba kukho owazidalayo.”

Indlela Acinga Ngayo Umntu

Siyamangalisa isibakala sokuba sineendlela zokuchaza izizathu zobukho bezijikelezi-langa. Kwindalo engenayo injongo, ukucinga ngaloo ndlela bekuya kuba ngumsina-ndozele nje oyinkcitha-xesha. Ngaba kusengqiqweni oko?

Kudla ngokuthiwa ingqondo yomntu yeyona nto “imangalisayo nengenakuze iqondwe kuzo zonke izinto ezidaliweyo.” Ulwazi esinalo ngemvelo nangemichiza alunakuze lukwazi ukusichaza isizathu sokuba umntu akwazi ukuqonda izinto ezinzima nokuphanda nzulu ngenjongo yobomi.

Mhlawumbi ingqondo yomntu enxanelwe ulwazi, yadalwa ngobukrelekrele obungaphaya kobuqhelekileyo okanye ke yazivelela ngamabona-ndenzile. Ubunokuthi yeyiphi eyenzekayo kwezi zinto zimbini?

Ngaba Ikho Enye Inkcazelo?

Yona inzululwazi isichazele lukhulu ngezijikelezi-langa, ngomhlaba nangomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo. Kubantu abaninzi, okukhona inzululwazi isichazela izinto ezininzi, “kokukhona bengasiqondi isizathu sobukho bethu.” Besiya kungaqondakali isizathu sobukho bethu ukuba besizivelele ngenxa yendaleko. Kodwa ke, ngokwamazwi ombhali wenzululwazi uJohn Horgan, “ngendlela indalo elungelelene ngayo ibonakala ingenakwenzeka into yokuba ibe yazivelela ngamabona-ndenzile.” Isazinzulu uFreeman Dyson wathetha into efanayo esithi: “Xa ndijonga indalo, ndihlola nendlela ebunjwe ngayo, ndifumana ubungqina obungakumbi obundenza ndiqiniseke ukuba yayilungiselelwe abantu.”

Ngenxa yobo bungqina—ukwahlukahlukana kwendalo, ukulungelelana kwayo, indlela ebunjwe ngayo nendlela acinga ngayo umntu—ngaba akukho sengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba ukho uMdali? Esona sizathu sisengqiqweni sokucinga ngolo hlobo kukuba nguMdali omele asixelele indlela esavela ngayo nokuba ubomi bunayo injongo kusini na—zinto ezo inzululwazi engenakukwazi ukusixelela ngazo.

Le miba iyachazwa eBhayibhileni okanye kwiZibhalo eziNgcwele ezibhalwe ngabantu abathi baphefumlelwe nguMdali. Unokuzifundela eBhayibhileni ngale miba.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 8]

Ngaba ingqondo yomntu ikho nje ngaphandle kwesizathu

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 6]

Yintoni eyenza kubekho inzululwazi?

Kulula ukwenza uphando ngezenzululwazi ngenxa yokuba ihlabathi lilungelelene, yaye amandla nezinto ezikulo asebenza ngendlela efanayo kwiimeko ezithile. Oku kulungelelana kwehlabathi kunokuchazwa kusetyenziswa imithetho yezibalo, eyemvelo neyezamachiza. Ukuba izinto bezingalungelelananga ngohlobo ezilulo, umsebenzi wenzululwazi, ezobugcisa nkqu nobomi ngebungekho.

Nantsi ke imibuzo: Ivela phi imithetho yemvelo? Yaye kutheni isebenza ngendlela esebenza ngayo? Abantu abaninzi bathi ibangelwe yiNgqondi Ephakamileyo. Wena, uthini?

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 7]

Ngaba yabakho ngamabona-ndenzile

Iimolekyuli zeDNA (ideoxyribonucleic acid) ekwiseli nganye ephilayo zinentaphane yeenkcukacha eziyimfuneko ukuze kubekho izinto eziphilayo. Nangona iDNA le ineenkcukacha ezininzi gqitha, inokufaniswa nenkcazelo engamanani ekwiDVD. Xa ezi nkcukacha zikule DVD ziguqulelwa, zenza umntu akwazi ukubukela ividiyo okanye aphulaphule umculo. Ngokufanayo, iimolekyuli zeDNA, ezifana neleli eyenziwe ngeentambo eziphothiweyo, zinenkcazelo efihlakeleyo esisiseko sokwahlula izinto eziphilayo kwezinye—yahlule iibhanana ezimbotyini, iqwarhashe kwimbovane, nabantu kwiminenga.

Akakho umntu onokuthi inkcazelo engamanani ekwiDVD isuke nje yabakho. Ngaba ke kusengqiqweni ukuthi iinkcukacha ezikwiDNA zisuke nje zabakho?

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 6]

Sombrero Galaxy: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)