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  • UGalileo
  • Vukani!—2015
  • Imixholwana
  • Amanqaku Afanayo
  • ISAYENSI NONQULO
  • “Kodwa Uyahamba!”
    IMboniselo Evakalisa UBukumkani BukaYehova—1991
  • Inzululwazi Nonqulo—Ukuqala Kwempikiswano
    IMboniselo Evakalisa UBukumkani BukaYehova—2005
  • Incwadi Ebekw’ Amabala
    Incwadi Yabantu Bonke
  • Inzululwazi NeBhayibhile—Ngaba Ngokwenene Ziyaphikisana?
    IMboniselo Evakalisa UBukumkani BukaYehova—2005
Khangela Okunye
Vukani!—2015
g 6/15 iphe. 10-11
UGalileo

IMIFANEKISO YAMANDULO

UGalileo

Phakathi kweminyaka yee-1300 neyee-1500, oososayensi neentandabulumko zaseYurophu zafumanisa izinto ngendalo ezazingqubana neemfundiso zeCawa yamaKatolika. Omnye wawo yayinguGalileo Galilei.

NGAPHAMBI kwexesha likaGalileo, abantu abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba ilanga, iiplanethi neenkwenkwezi zijikeleza umhlaba. Ibe leyo yayiyenye yeemfundiso eziphambili zeCawa yamaKatolika.

Nangona kwakunjalo, esebenzisa iteleskopu, uGalileo wafumana ubungqina obabohluke mpela kwiinkolelo zesayensi ezazikho ngelo xesha. Ngokomzekelo, xa wabona amabala kwilanga, waqonda ukuba lijikeleza ndaweni nye. Nakuba ubungqina obunjengobu banceda abantu bazi ngakumbi ngendalo, babangela impixwano phakathi kukaGalileo neCawa yamaKatolika.

ISAYENSI NONQULO

UGalileo epapasha oko akufumanisileyo

Kumashumi eminyaka ngaphambili, isazi seenkwenkwezi sasePoland uNicolaus Copernicus, sathi umhlaba ujikeleza ilanga. UGalileo wafunda iincwadi ezabhalwa nguCopernicus ezithetha ngokujikeleza kwendalo esemajukujukwini, waza waqokelela ubungqina obuvumelana noCopernicus. Ekuqaleni uGalileo wayemadolw’ anzima ukupapasha ubungqina awabufumanayo, kuba esoyika ukwenziwa intlekisa. Kodwa wabona ukuba ayikho eny’ indlela, umele abupapashe. Abanye oososayensi babesithi uqhway’ udushe, ibe kungekudala nabefundisi baqalisa ukumhlasela kwiintshumayelo zabo.

Ngo-1616, uMfundisi uBellarmine, “owayekhokela kweza kwalizwi ngelo xesha,” wachazela uGalileo ngomyalelo omtsha waseKatolika owalela ukusasazwa kweenkolelo zikaCopernicus. Lo mfundisi wambongoza uGalileo ukuba awuthobele lo myalelo, ibe kangangeminyaka uGalileo akazange atsho ngokuphandle ukuba umhlaba ujikeleza ilanga.

Ngo-1623 umhlobo kaGalileo, uPopu Urban VIII, wenziwa upopu. Waza ngo-1624 uGalileo wamcela ukuba awushenxise umyalelo owamiselwa ngo-1616. Endaweni yokwenza oko, lo Popu wasuka wabongoza uGalileo ukuba acacise iinkolelo eziphikisanayo zikaCopernicus nezika-Aristotle, kodwa yena angathathi cala.

Kamva, uGalileo wabhala incwadi ethi Dialogue on the Great World Systems. Nangona upopu wayemyalele ukuba angathathi cala, kwincwadi yakhe wayevakala ukuba uxhasa iinkolelo zikaCopernicus. Kungekudala, iintshaba zikaGalileo zathi incwadi yakhe imenza intlekisa upopu. UGalileo watyholwa ngokuba ngumwexuki waza wasongelwa ngokungcungcuthekiswa, ibe kwanyanzeleka ukuba azilahle iimfundiso zikaCopernicus. Ngo-1633 wagwetywa ukuba avalelwe endlini ibe neencwadi zakhe zavalwa umlomo. UGalileo wafela kwikhaya lakhe eArcetri, kufutshane nedolophu iFlorence, ngoJanuwari 8, 1642.

UPopu John Paul II wavuma ukuba iCawa yamaKatolika yamdlel’ indlala uGalileo

Kangangamakhulu eminyaka, ezinye zeencwadi zikaGalileo bezikade zibalwa phakathi kweencwadi amaKatolika angamele azifunde. Kodwa ke, ngo-1979 le cawa yaphinda yasihlola kwakhona esi sigqibo esenziwa kwiminyaka eyi-300 eyadlulayo. Ekugqibeleni ngo-1992, uPopu John Paul II wavuma ukuba iCawa yamaKatolika yamdlel’ indlala uGalileo.

IZINTO EZIBANGELA UMDLA

  • UGalileo Galilei wazalwa ngo-1564 kwisixeko saseItali, iPisa esidume ngesakhiwo saso esikekeleyo. Wafundisa kwiYunivesithi yasePadua, waza kamva wahlala eFlorence, apho wayesebenza khona.

  • Nangona uGalileo engazange enze teleskopu, wayiphucula indlela esebenza ngayo.

  • Iinkolelo zakhe zambangela ukuba ayokuma izihlandlo ezibini phambi kwesigqeba secawa saseKatolika esasidla ngokohlwaya umntu oye wawexuka.

Ngaba ICawa YamaKatolika Yamngcungcuthekisa UGalileo?

Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba iCawa yamaKatolika yamngcungcuthekisa uGalileo. Isigwebo sakhe sithi ukuze uGalileo athethe inyani, kwafuneka “aphekw’ esophulwa ngemibuzo.” Kulwimi olwaludla ngokusetyenziswa ziikomiti zamaKatolika ezazincina abantu, eli gama lalidla ngokuthetha “ukungcungcuthekisa,” mhlawumbi okungenani “ukugrogriswa ngokungcungcuthekiswa.”

Iingcali zithi oku kungcungcuthekisa kwakunamanqanaba. Kwakusenokuquka ukubonisa nje umntu isixhobo sokungcungcuthekisa, ukumkhululisa, ukumbopha okanye ade aviswe intlungu eqatha. Akwaziwa ukuba uGalileo wenziwa ntoni xa “wayephekw’ esophulwa ngemibuzo.”

    Iimpapasho ZesiXhosa (1986-2025)
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