Inzululwazi Nonqulo—Ukuqala Kwempikiswano
ISAZI NGEENKWENKWEZI esithile esineminyaka engama-70 ubudala sasilele ekhukweni lokufa yaye singakwazi kakuhle ukufunda. Esandleni saso sasiphethe uxwebhu lwezinto esizibhalileyo, sele zilungele ukupapashwa. Enoba sasisazi okanye sasingazi, incwadi yaso yayiza kuguqula indlela abantu abayijonga ngayo indalo iphela. Kwakhona yayiza kubangela impikiswano ngaphakathi kwiNgqobhoko, yaye imiphumo yaloo mpikiswano isabonakala unanamhla.
Le ndoda yayisifa yayinguNicolaus Copernicus, umKatolika wasePoland, yaye yayingunyaka wowe-1543. Incwadi kaCopernicus, eyayisithi On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, ithi ilanga, kungekhona umhlaba, lisesazulwini sezijikelezi-langa. Ngesenzo nje esinye uCopernicus watshintsha ingcamango entsonkothileyo yokuba umhlaba usesazulwini sezijikelezi-langa waza weza nengcamango elula yokuba ilanga lilo elisesazulwini.
Ekuqaleni, oku kwakungabonakali kuza kudala impikiswano engako. Kuba, uCopernicus wazibeka ngobulumko iingcamango zakhe. Ukongezelela, iCawa yamaKatolika, eyayamkelayo ingcamango yokuba umhlaba usesazulwini, yabonakala izamkela iimbono zenzululwazi ngelo xesha. Kwanopopu wabongoza uCopernicus ukuba ayipapashe le ncwadi yakhe. Xa ekugqibeleni uCopernicus wayipapashayo, umhleli owayesoyika wabhala intshayelelo yakhe, esithi ingcamango yokuba ilanga lisisazulu yingcamango ehambelana nemathemathika, oko kungathethi ukuba ichanile ngokwenzululwazi yeenkwenkwezi.
Le Mpikiswano Iya Ivutha
Omnye umntu owayiphembelelayo le mpikiswano sisazi ngeenkwenkwezi esinguMtaliyane, ingcali yezibalo nengcali yamachiza uGalileo Galilei (1564-1642), naye owayengumKatolika. Esebenzisa iteleskopu awayakha esebenzisa ilens entsha ayenzileyo, uGalileo wabona amazulu ngendlela angazange abonwe ngayo ngaphambili. Oko wakubonayo kwameyisela ekubeni uCopernicus wayechanile. Kwakhona uGalileo wabona amabala athile elangeni, ngaloo ndlela ephikisa enye inkolelo yentanda-bulumko neyonqulo—yokuba ilanga alitshintshi okanye lonakale.
Ngokungafaniyo noCopernicus, uGalileo wayekhaliphile yaye enenzondelelo ekumeleni iingcamango zakhe. Yaye wakwenza oko ngoxa unqulo lwalukuthiyile oko, kuba iCawa yamaKatolika ngelo xesha yayiyichase ngokuphandle ingcamango kaCopernicus. Ngoko ke, xa uGalileo wathi ingcamango yokuba ilanga lisesazulwini ayichananga nje kuphela kodwa ivisisana neZibhalo, icawa yarhanela ukuba uyawexuka.a
UGalileo waya eRoma ukuze azithethelele kodwa watsho phantsi. Ngowe-1616 icawa yathi makayeke ukuxhasa uCopernicus. UGalileo wavalwa umlomo kangangexesha elithile. Kwandula ke ngowe-1632 wabhala enye incwadi exhasa uCopernicus. Kunyaka olandelayo, iNkundla YokuNcina Amakholwa yagweba uGalileo ubomi bonke entolongweni. Noko ke, kuba imcingela ngenxa yeminyaka yakhe, ngokukhawuleza yasehlisa isigwebo isithi makavalelwe endlwini.
Abantu abaninzi bayigqala impikiswano uGalileo awayenayo necawa njengento ebonisa ukuba inzululwazi iloyisile unqulo, kwaneBhayibhile ngokwayo. Noko ke, njengoko siza kubona kwinqaku elilandelayo, ukufikelela kwizigqibo ngokukhawuleza kuyayisitha inyaniso.
[Umbhalo osemazantsi]
a UGalileo wazenzela iintshaba ngokungeyomfuneko ngokungxama ukuvakalisa imbono yakhe nangempoxo awayenayo. Kwakhona, ngokuthi le ngcamango yokuba ilanga lisisazulu yayivisisana neZibhalo, wayezenza ngokungathi unegunya kunqulo, nto leyo eyayicaphukisa nakakhulu icawa.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 3]
UCopernicus
[Inkcazelo]
Taken from Giordano Bruno and Galilei (German edition)
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 3]
UGalileo uyazithethelela phambi kweNkundla YokuNcina Amakholwa yaseRoma
[Inkcazelo]
From the book The Historian’s History of the World, Vol. IX, 1904
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 3]
Background: Chart depicting Copernicus’ concept of the solar system