ISihlomelo
AmaNgqina kaYehova—ucelomngeni Lotyando Nemigaqo Ewalawulayo
Iphindwe yashicilelwa ngemvume yeAmerican Medical Association ithatyathwe kwiThe Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), kaNovemba 27, 1981, Umqulu 246, No. 21, iphepha 2471, 2472. Copyright 1981, iAmerican Medical Association.
Oogqirha bajamelana nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo ekunyangeni amaNgqina kaYehova. Amalungu eli qela lokholo aneenkolelo zonqulo ezinzulu nxamnye nokwamkela ukutofelwa kwegazi likabani kuye okanye lomnye lilonke, iiRBC [“red blood cells” (iiseli ezibomvu zegazi)], iiWBC [“white blood cells” (iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi)], okanye ii-“platelets.” Abaninzi baya kukwamkela ukusetyenziswa komatshini wentliziyo nemiphunga (ongahanjiswa ngegazi), isixhobo sokucoca igazi okanye izixhobo ezifanayo ukuba umjikelezo wegazi elijikeleza ngaphandle komzimba awuphazanyiswa. Akuyomfuneko ukuba abasebenzi bezamayeza baxhalabele ukubekek’ ityala, kuba amaNgqina aya kuthabatha amanyathelo ayimfuneko ngokomthetho ukubakhulula ngenxa yokungamkeli kwawo igazi ngoxa ekwazi okubandakanyekileyo. Ayalwamkela ulwelo olungenagazi. Besebenzisa olu lwelo nobunye ubugcisa bezonyango, oogqirha benza zonke iintlobo zotyando olukhulu kubaguli abakhulileyo nabancinane abangamaNgqina. Ngaloo ndlela kuye kwaveliswa inkqubo esetyenziswayo kubaguli abanjalo evisisana nengcamango yokunyanga “bonke abantu.” (JAMA 1981;246:2471-2472)
OOGQIRHA bajamelana nocelomngeni olukhulayo oluyimbambano enkulu kwezempilo. EUnited States kukho amaNgqina kaYehova angaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi angakwamkeliyo ukutofelwa igazi. AmaNgqina ayanda ibe nabo banxulumana nawo benjenjalo. Nangona ngaphambili, oogqirha namagosa amaninzi ezibhedlele ebesigqala isalelo sotofelo-gazi njengengxaki engokomthetho aze afune ukugunyaziswa yinkundla ukuze aqhubeke nendlela akholelwa kwelokuba yecebisekayo kwezonyango, uncwadi lwakutshanje lwezonyango lutyhila ukuba kukho inguqulelo eqhubekayo kwisimo sengqondo. Yona isenokuba ibangelwa ngamava otyando lwenkqubela kubaguli abanomlinganiselo omncinane gqitha wesibomvisi-gazi ibe isenokubonisa ukuwuphaphela okwandayo umgaqo osemthethweni wokuvuma ukuqonda okubandakanyekileyo.
Ngoku, iintlobo ezininzi zotyando olukhethwayo nokuphazamiseka kweemvakalelo okubandakanya amaNgqina akhulileyo namancinane kuyenziwa ngaphandle kotofelo-gazi. Kutshanje, abameli bamaNgqina kaYehova babonana noogqirha namagosa aphetheyo kwamanye amaziko aphambili ezonyango kweli lizwe. Ezi ntlanganiso zibangele ukuqondana ngakumbi zaza zanegalelo ekucombululeni iimbambano ezingokulondolozwa kwegazi ukuze lisetyenziswe kamva, uqhaqho-fakelo, nendlela yokuphepha ukuxambulisana ngezonyango okanye ngokomthetho.
UKUMA KWAMANGQINA KWEZONYANGO
AmaNgqina kaYehova ayalwamkela unyango lwamayeza notyando. Enyanisweni, amaninzi kuwo angoogqirha, kwanoogqirha botyando. Kodwa amaNgqina angabantu abaneenkolelo ezendeleyo zonqulo abakholelwa kwelokuba utofelo-gazi alufanelekanga kuwo ngenxa yeendinyana zeBhayibhile ezinjengethi: “Yinyama enomphefumlo wayo yodwa—enegazi layo—eningasayi kuyidla” (Genesis 9:3-4); “Woliphalaza igazi layo, aliselele ngomhlaba” (Levitikus 17:13-14); nethi “Nizile . . . negazi, nento ekrwitshiweyo, nombulo” (IZenzo 15:19-21).1
Nangona ezi ndinyana zingabhekiseli kumbandela wezamayeza, amaNgqina azijonga njengezikwalelayo ukutofela igazi, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi neziyileli (plasma), kwaneeseli ezimhlophe zegazi nokufakwa kweeplatelets. Phofu ke, ukuqonda kwamaNgqina okusekelwe elunqulweni akukwaleli ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kweenxalenye ezinjengealbumin, immune globulins, nolwelo olulungiselelweyo lwehemophiliac; Ngqina ngalinye limele lizenzele isigqibo ngokwalo enoba liya kuzamkela na ezi nxalenye.2
AmaNgqina akholelwa kwelokuba igazi elikhutshiweyo emzimbeni lifanele lichithwe, ngoko awakwamkeli ukutofelwa kwegazi elilelawo ebelikhutshiwe laza lagcinwa. Ubuchule bokuqokelela igazi ebudeni botyando okanye okwegazi elingxengwe ngolwelo oluphuma kwizihlunu okubandakanya ukugcinwa kwalo akwamkeleki kuwo. Phofu ke, amaNgqina amaninzi ayakuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sokucoca igazi nempompo yentliziyo nemiphunga (engafakwanga gazi kuqala) kwanokuhanjiswa kwegazi ebudeni botyando ngomjikelezo ongaphandle komzimba womntu ukuba awuphazanyiswa; ugqirha ufanele abonane nomguli ngamnye ukuze aqonde oko kuvunyelwa sisazela sakhe.2
AmaNgqina awanaluvo lokuba iBhayibhile ithetha ngokungqalileyo ngoqhaqho-fakelo lwamalungu athile omzimba; ngenxa yoko, izigqibo mayela necornea, intso, okanye olunye uqhaqho-fakelo lwesicubu zimele zenziwe liNgqina ngalinye.
UTYANDO OLUKHULU LUNGENZIWA
Nangona oogqirha botyando bedla ngokwala ukunyanga amaNgqina ngenxa yokuba ukuma kwawo ngokusetyenziswa kwegazi kubonakala “kuqhobosha izandla zikagqirha,” oogqirha abaninzi ngoku baye banyula ukujonga le meko njengentsonkothe ngakumbi necel’ umngeni ubuchule babo. Ekubeni amaNgqina engalugatyi ulwelo olusetyenziswayo lwecolloid okanye lwecrystalloid, okanye ielectrocautery, izidambisi-zintlungu ezehlisa uxinzelelo-gazi,3 okanye ihypothermia, ezi ziye zasetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo. Ukusetyenziswa kwangoku nokwexesha elizayo kwehetastarch,4 umlinganiselo omkhulu weiron dextran etofelwayo,5,6 ne-“sonic scalpel”7 ziluncedo ibe azichasekanga ngokonqulo. Kwakhona, ukuba ulwelo olusetyenziswayo endaweni yegazi olusandul’ ukuveliswa (Fluosol-DA) lungqineka lukhuselekile ibe lunempumelelo,8 ukusetyenziswa kwalo akuyi kungqubana neenkolelo zamaNgqina.
Ngowe-1977, uOtt noCooley9 banikela ingxelo yotyando lwentliziyo nemithambo-luvo olwenziwa kumaNgqina angama-542 ngaphandle kokutofela igazi baza baqukumbela ngelithi le nkqubo inokwenziwa “ngomlinganiselo ophantsi wengozi nowamkelekileyo.” Esabela isicelo sethu, kutshanje lo kaCooley wenza uhlolisiso lwamanani kubantu abali-1 026 abatyandwayo, abangama-22 ekhulwini kubo ingabantwana, waza wagqiba “kwelokuba ingozi yotyando kubaguli abangamaNgqina kaYehova ibingekho ngaphezulu ngokuphawulekayo kweyabanye.” Ngokufanayo, uMichael E. DeBakey, MD, wathi “kwiimeko ezininzi kakhulu [ezibandakanya amaNgqina] ingozi yotyando ngaphandle kokusebenzisa utofelo-gazi ayikho ngaphezu kwaleyo yabaguli esisebenzisa kubo utofelo-gazi” (imbalelwano yobuqu, ngoMatshi 1981). Uncwadi lukwanikela ingxelo yotyando olukhulu olunempumelelo lwenkqubo yokuhamba komchamo10 namathambo.11 UG. Dean MacEwen, MD, noJ. Richard Bowen, MD, babhala ukuba ukunyangwa komnqonqo ngasemva “kuye kwenziwa ngempumelelo kubantwana [bamaNgqina] abangama-20” (inkcazelo engapapashwanga, ngoAgasti 1981). Bongezelela oku: “Ugqirha kufuneka amisele ubulumko bokuhlonela ilungelo lomguli lokwala utofelo-gazi kodwa sekunjalo aphumeze iinkqubo zotyando ngendlela evumela ukukhuseleka komguli.”
UHerbsman12 unikela ingxelo yempumelelo kwiimeko, equka ezinye ezibandakanya ulutsha, “zokopha okukhulu ngokoyikekayo.” Uyavuma ukuba “amaNgqina ngandlel’ ithile aba selishweni xa kufikelela kwiimfuneko zegazi. Sekunjalo ikwacace gqitha into yokuba zikho ezinye izinto esinokuzisebenzisa endaweni yegazi.” Ephawula ukuba oogqirha abaninzi baye baziva bemathidala ukwamkela abaguli abangamaNgqina “ngenxa yokoyika imiphumo engokomthetho,” ubonisa ukuba esi asisosizathu sivakalayo senkxalabo.
INKXALABO ENGOKOMTHETHO NABANTWANA
AmaNgqina ayityobela ngokulula ifomu yeAmerican Medical Association ekhulula oogqirha nabasebenzi bezibhedlele nakubuphi na ubutyala,13 ibe inkoliso yamaNgqina iphatha iqweqwe elithi Medical Alert elibhalwe umhla nelityobelwe ngamangqina elilungiselelwe emva kokuba kudityenwe noogqirha neziphatha-mandla zomthetho. La maqweqwe ayabopha kumguli (okanye kwizinto zakhe) ibe ayabakhusela oogqirha, kuba uMgwebi uWarren Burger wema ngelokuba isimangalo sokungakhathali “besiya kubonakala singasebenzi” kwimeko apho kusayinwe esi sivumelwano. Kwakhona, egqabaza ngoku kuhlolisiso “lonyango lwamayeza lonyanzeliso nenkululeko yonqulo,” okaParis14 wabhala oku: “Omnye umhlalutyi owahlolisisa olu ncwadi wanikela le ngxelo, ‘Andikwazanga ukufumana naliphi na igunya eligunyazisa amazwi athi ugqirha ebeya kuba . . . usisaphuli-mthetho . . . unetyala ngokusilela kwakhe ukunyanzelisa utofelo-gazi kumguli ongafuniyo.’ Ingozi ibonakala ibangelwa yingqondo engokomthetho kunezibakala zokwenene.”
Ukunyanyekelwa kwabantwana kubangela eyona nkxalabo inkulu, ngokufuthi kuphumela ekumangalelweni kwabazali phantsi kwemimiselo yokutyeshela umntwana. Kodwa izimangalo ezinjalo ziyathandatyuzwa ngoogqirha namagqwetha amaninzi aqhelene neemeko ezibandakanya amaNgqina, akholelwa kwelokuba abazali abangamaNgqina babafunela unyango olululo abantwana babo. Enganqweneli ukutyeshela imbopheleleko yawo njengabazali okanye ukuyibeka phezu komgwebi okanye omnye umntu, amaNgqina acela ukuba kuqwalaselwe iinkolelo zonqulo zentsapho. UGqr. A. D. Kelly, owayesakuba nguNobhala weCanadian Medical Association, wabhala15 ukuba “abazali babantwana nezalamane zabaguli abangekho zingqondweni banelungelo lokuchaza ukuthanda komguli. . . . Andizamkeli izigqibo zenkundla ehlekisayo ehlanganisene ngeyesi-2:00 AM ukuza kwahlukanisa umntwana nabazali bakhe.”
Liyinene elokuba abazali banelizwi kunyango lwabantwana babo, njengaxa bejamelene neengozi neengenelo ezinokubakho zotyando, unyango ngemitha okanye ngemichiza. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingokokuziphatha ezingaphaya kwembambano yotofelo-gazi,16 abazali abangamaNgqina bacela ukuba kusetyenziswe unyango olungachasekanga ngokonqulo. Oku kuvisisana nengcamango yezonyango yokunyanga “bonke abantu,” singatyeshelwa isibakala somonakalo ongokwengqondo ohlala uhleli womgaqo ohlaselayo nongqubana neenkolelo ezisisiseko zentsapho. Ngokufuthi, amaziko amakhulu eli lizwe athe asebenza ngamaNgqina ngoku ayabamkela abaguli abasuka kwamanye amaziko angakuvumiyo ukunyanga amaNgqina, kwanakwiimeko zabantwana.
UCELOMNGENI OLUJAMELENE NOGQIRHA
Kuyaqondakala ukuba, ukunyamekela amaNgqina kaYehova kusenokubonakala kumzisela ingxaki ugqirha ozinikele kanobom ekusindiseni ubomi nempilo ngokusebenzisa zonke iindlela akwaziyo ukuzisebenzisa. Kwiintshayelelo zomhleli zongcelele lwamanqaku angotyando olukhulu kumaNgqina, uHarvey17 wavuma oku, “Ndizifumanisa zicaphukisa ezo nkolelo zisenokuphazamisana nomsebenzi wam.” Kodwa, wongezelela esithi: “Mhlawumbi nathi sikhawuleza silibale ukuba utyando bubuchule obuxhomekeke kubugcisa bobuqu babantu ngabanye. Ubugcisa bunokuphuculwa.”
UNjingalwazi Bolooki18 waphawula ingxelo ephazamisayo yokuba esinye sezona zibhedlele zixakekileyo kwezengqondo kwiNqila yaseDade, eFlorida, ‘sasinenkqubo yokwala ukunyanga onke’ amaNgqina. Wabonisa ukuba “iinkqubo zotyando ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kweli qela labaguli zinxulumene nomlinganiselo omncinane kunoqhelekileyo wengozi.” Wongezelela oku: “Nangona abatyandi besenokuvakalelwa kukuba babandezwa isixhobo esithile sonyango lwanamhla . . . ndeyisekile kukuba ngokutyanda aba baguli baya kufunda lukhulu.”
Kunokugqala umguli oliNgqina njengoyingxaki, oogqirha abangakumbi nangakumbi bayamkela le meko njengocelomngeni kwezonyango. Ekuhlangabezaneni nolu celomngeni baye bavelisa uqheliselo olufanelekileyo kweli qela labaguli olwamkelwa kumaziko amaninzi onyango kweli lizwe ngokubanzi. Kwangaxeshanye aba gqirha banikela unyango olulolona lulungileyo ukwenzela ukulungelwa komguli okupheleleyo. Kunjengokuba uGardner et al19 waphawula oku: “Ngubani obeya kungenelwa ukuba ukugula kwasemzimbeni komguli kuyanyangwa kodwa kube kulalaniswa ngokuphathelele ubomi bokomoya obukholekileyo kuThixo, njengoko umguli ebugqala, nto leyo ekhokelela kubomi obungenantsingiselo mhlawumbi nobubi ngakumbi kunokufa.”
AmaNgqina ayaqonda ukuba, ngokwezonyango, isigqibo anamathele kuso ngokupheleleyo sibonakala songezelela umlinganiselo wengozi ibe sinokukwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuwanyanga. Ngokuvisisana noku, ngokuqhelekileyo abonisa umbulelo ongaqhelekanga ngonyango alufumanayo. Ukongezelela ekubeni nenkcazelo ebalulekileyo yokholo olunzulu nomnqweno omkhulu wokuphila, asebenzisana ngovuyo noogqirha nabasebenzi bezonyango. Ngaloo ndlela, umguli nogqirha bayamanyana ekujamelaneni nolu celomngeni lungenakuthelekiswa nanto.
IIMBEKISELO
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