Ngaba Ngokwenene Unqulo Luyimfuneko?
NGABA unqulo lubalulekile kuwe? Ngaba, mhlawumbi, ulilungu leqela lonqulo okanye icawa ethile? Ukuba kunjalo, awahlukanga kuyaphi kubantu ababephila emva phayaa ngowe-1844, ngonyaka esathi isithandi sobulumko esingumJamani uKarl Marx sabhala oku: “Unqulo . . . lusisiyobisi sabantu.” Ngaloo mihla phantse wonk’ ubani wayehamba icawa kwaye unqulo lwalunempembelelo enkulu kulo lonke ibutho labantu. Namhlanje, oko kuguquke ngamandla, yaye unqulo lunendima encinane okanye alunayo kubomi bamakhulu ezigidi zabantu. Ukuba uhamba icawa, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ungomnye nje wembinana ekwenzayo oko kwindawo ohlala kuyo.
Yintoni ebangele le nguqulelo? Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uKarl Marx wavelisa intanda-bulumko eyingcamango echasene nonqulo eyathi yanempembelelo enkulu. Kucaca ukuba lo kaMarx walugqala unqulo njengomqobo othintela inkqubela yabantu. Wema ngelithi iintswelo zoluntu zinokulungiswa kakuhle ngosukelo lwezinto eziphathekayo, ngcamango leyo eyabangela ukuba uThixo okanye unqulo lwesithethe luphoswe kwelokulibala. Oku kwambangela ukuba athi: “Inyathelo lokuqala elisisiseko lokuba abantu bafumane ulonwabo kukubhangisa unqulo.”
Ingcamango kaMarx yokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo yakhuthazwa ngokubhekele phaya yingcali yezentlalo yaseJamani uFriedrich Engels nenkokeli yobuKomanisi yaseRashiya uVladimir Lenin. Yathi yaziwa njengengcamango kaMarx noLenin. De kwakwiminyaka yakutshanje, inxalenye engaphezu kwesithathu yoluntu yayiphila phantsi koorhulumente bobupolitika ababelandela ngomlinganiselo othile le ngcamango yokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo. Abantu abaninzi basayilandela.
Ukukhula Kwengcamango Yokungakhathalelwa Konqulo
Kodwa ukunwenwa kwengcamango yobuKomanisi kwakungekuphela kwento eyabangela unqulo lungabi namtsalane eluntwini. Nenkqubela eyenziwayo kwezenzululwazi yaba negalelo. Ngokomzekelo, ukunconyelwa kwengcamango yendaleko kwabangela abaninzi babuthandabuza ubukho boMdali. Ibe kwakukho nabanye oothunywashe.
IEncyclopædia Britannica ikhankanya “ukufunyanwa kwenkcazelo engokwenzululwazi yokucacisa izinto ngaphambili ekwakusithiwa zibangelwa ngamandla angaphaya kwawemvelo” kunye “nokushenxiswa kwempembelelo yonqulo olulungelelanisiweyo kwizinto ezinjengonyango, kwimfundo nakwezobugcisa.” Izinto zenkqubela ezinjengezi ziye zabangela ukwanda kwengcamango yokungakhathalelwa konqulo (secularism). Ichazwa njani le ngcamango? Ichazwa ngokuthi “yimbono yobomi . . . esekelwe kuluvo lokuba unqulo nemibandela yonqulo ifanele ityeshelwe okanye iyekwe ngabom.” Le ngcamango yokungakhathalelwa konqulo inempembelelo kumazwe obuKomanisi nangengawobuKomanisi.
Kodwa ingcamango yokungakhathalelwa konqulo nengcamango kaMarx noLenin asizizo kuphela ezayithothisayo impembelelo yonqulo. Neecawa zeNgqobhoko zimele zibekek’ ityala. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba kangangeenkulungwane bezisebenzisa kakubi igunya lazo. Kwaye bezifundisa iimfundiso ezisekelwe kwizithethe ezingekho zibhalweni nakwiingcamango zabantu kunokufundisa ngeBhayibhile. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi kumhlambi wazo bebebuthathaka gqitha ngokomoya ukuba bangazixhathisa iintlaselo zengcamango yokungakhathalelwa konqulo.
Ngaphezu koko, ubukhulu becala neecawa ngokwazo ekugqibeleni zanikezela kule ngcamango yokungakhathalelwa konqulo. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, abaphengululi bezonqulo lweNgqobhoko beza nenkqubo yohlalutyo oluqatha eyatsho, kwabaninzi, lwacima pam ukholo eBhayibhileni njengeLizwi likaThixo eliphefumlelweyo. Iicawa, kuquka iCawa yamaRoma Katolika, zamkela ingcamango yendaleko. Sekunjalo zazisithi ziyakholelwa kwindalo. Kodwa zayamkela ingcamango yokuba umzimba womntu usenokuba wavela ngendaleko, ngoxa ingumphefumlo kuphela owadalwa nguThixo. Ebudeni beminyaka yee-1960, ubuProtestanti bafika nemfundiso yezakwalizwi yokuba “uThixo ufile.” Abefundisi abaninzi bamaProtestanti bathethelela uhlobo lobomi lokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo. Basiqwabazel’ iliso isini sangaphambi komtshato kwanobufanasini. Bambi abefundisi bamaKatolika bakhuthaza imfundiso yezakwalizwi yokulwelwa kwenkululeko, bedibanisa ubuKatolika nenkqubo yemvukelo yobuMarx.
Ukuphelelwa Kwengcamango Yokungakhathalelwa Konqulo
Ngaloo ndlela, yathi ke le ngcamango yokungakhathalelwa konqulo yagquba, ingakumbi ngeminyaka yee-1960 de kwaphakathi kwiminyaka yee-1970. Zathi ke izinto zaguquka kwakhona. Unqulo lwabonakala lukhathalelwa kwakhona nangona, ubukhulu becala, oku kwakungenjalo kwiicawa eziphambili. Ehlabathini lonke, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970 nakwiminyaka yee-1980 landa inani leenkonzo ezintsha.
Yintoni le ibangele kwabuyelwa elunqulweni? Ingcali kwezentlalo engumFrentshi uGilles Kepel yathi “amarhamente anemfundo yehlabathi . . . emi ngelithi impucuko yehlabathi ayiwenzelanga nto nokuthi ngokuzimela geqe kuThixo, abantu bavuna oko bakuhlwayeleyo ngekratshi nokuzicingela kwabo, sivuno eso esibubunjubaqa, uqhawulo-mtshato, uGawulayo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, [kunye] nokuzibulala.”
Ukuphelelwa kwengcamango yokungakhathalelwa konqulo kuye kwabonakala ngakumbi ukususela ekuwohlokeni obekubonakala kutshanje kwengcamango kaMarx noLenin. Kubantu abaninzi le ngcamango yokungakholelwa kuThixo yathi yaba lunqulo lokwenene. Ngoko, khawuyithelekelele indlela ababedideke ngayo abo babekholose ngayo! Inqaku elalikwiWashington Post livela eMoscow lacaphula owayesakuba yinqununu kwiSikolo Esiphakamileyo seQela LobuKomanisi owathi: “Ilizwe alixhomekekanga kuphela kuqoqosho namaziko alo, koko likwaxhomekeke kwiintsomi nakubaseki balo. Kuyalidodobalisa naliphi na ibutho ukufumanisa ukuba ezona ntsomi zalo zibalaseleyo azisekelwanga kwinyaniso koko zisekelwe kwinkohliso nakwintelekelelo. Kodwa oko koko sikubonayo ngoku kwinkqubo kaLenin nemvukelo.”
Ithetha ngeenkqubo zobuKomanisi nezobukhapitali, ingcali kwezentlalo nesithandi sobulumko esingumFrentshi uEdgar Morin yavuma: “Asibonanga nje ukuwohloka kwekamva eliqaqambileyo elalithenjiswa abantu abatsala nzima kodwa sibone nokuwohloka kwenkqubela ezenzekelayo nengokwemvelo yebutho lehlabathi, apho inzululwazi, ingqiqo, nolawulo-melo kwakucingelwa ukuba ziya kuhambela phambili ngokuzenzekelayo. . . . Ngoku akukho nkqubela iqinisekileyo. Ikamva esasililindele liwohlokile.” Le yimvakalelo enganiki themba abanayo abaninzi abakholose ngemigudu yomntu yokuzisa ihlabathi elilungileyo ngaphandle koThixo.
Umdla Ovuselelweyo Elunqulweni
Le mvakalelo yokuphelelwa lithemba esehlabathini lonke ibangela abantu abaninzi abanyanisekileyo bayiqonde intswelo yokomoya kubomi babo. Bayabona ukuba bayalufuna unqulo. Kodwa abanelisekanga ziicawa eziphambili, yaye bambi abaqinisekanga nangezi nkonzo zintsha—kuquka iinkonzo zabaphilisi, iicawa zomoya, amahlelo aziwa ngabantu abathile kuphela kwanamaqela abanquli bakaSathana. Nenzondelelo yempambano ngonqulo ivuke yema ngeenyawo. Ngoko, ngokwenene, unqulo luvuke phantsi. Kodwa ngaba uluntu lubhaqe nto ithile intle ngokubuyela kwalo elunqulweni? Enyanisweni, ngaba naluphi na unqulo luzanelisa ngokwenene iintswelo zokomoya zoluntu?
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 3]
“Unqulo luyindlela isidalwa esicinezelekileyo esibonakalisa ngayo ukugcuma, ukubonakaliswa kwemvakalelo kwihlabathi elikhohlakeleyo, ukuvakaliswa kwethemba kwimeko enganiki themba. Lusisiyobisi sabantu”
[Inkcazelo]
Photo: New York Times, Berlin—33225115
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 4]
UVladimir Lenin (ngasentla) noKarl Marx balugqala unqulo njengomqobo wenkqubela yoluntu
[Inkcazelo]
Musée d’Histoire Contemperaine—BDIC (Universitiés de Paris)
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 5]
Ingcamango kaMarx noLenin yayibangele izigidi zabantu zanolindelo olukhulu
[Inkcazelo]
Musée d’Histoire Contemperaine—BDIC (Universitiés de Paris)
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 2]
Cover photo: Garo Nalbandian