Amacebo Omntu Okuzisa Unqabiseko Lwamazwe Ngamazwe

“Xa konke oku kuphelile, sifuna ukuba ngabaphilisi. Sifuna ukwenza unako-nako ukuze sincedise ekuziseni oko ndinokukubiza ngentembelo ngokuthi lulungelelwaniso olutsha lwehlabathi.”—Umongameli waseUnited States uGeorge Bush, ngoJanuwari 1991, kamsinya emva kokuqalisa kwemfazwe neIraq.

“Ingcamango kaMongameli uBush ngoLungelelwaniso Olutsha Lwehlabathi ibethelela ukubaluleka kokulawula komthetho nenkolelo yokuba amazwe afanele amanyane ukuze azise inkululeko nokusesikweni. Ekubeni iMfazwe Yomlomo iphela, kuqalisa ixesha elitsha embalini.”—Unozakuzaku waseUnited States eOstreliya, ngoAgasti 1991.

“Ngokuhlwanje, njengoko ndibona kusibakho ulawulo-melo kulo lonke ihlabathi, mhlawumbi—mhlawumbi sisondele ngakumbi kwelo hlabathi litsha kunanini na ngaphambili.”—Umongameli waseUnited States uGeorge Bush, ngoSeptemba 1991.

IINKOKELI ezininzi zehlabathi, njengoMongameli uBush, zithetha ngekamva elilunge ngakumbi. Ngaba kukho apho ulindelo lwazo lusekelwe khona? Ngaba iziganeko ezenzeke ukususela ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II zinikela isiseko solindelo olunjalo? Ngaba ucinga ukuba iinkokeli zobupolitika ziyakwazi ukuzisa unqabiseko lwezizwe ngezizwe?

Icebo Lomntu Elibalaseleyo

Kumboniso kamabonwakude obonisa izinto ezenzeka ngokoqobo owawunomxholo othi Goodbye War, kwathiwa: “Ebudeni beminyaka emibini yokugqibela yemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini, abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi babebulawa nyanga nganye.” Ngelo xesha, amazwe ayevakalelwa kukuba kwakukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuvelisa icebo elaliya kuthintela ukwenzeka kwemfazwe enjalo kwakhona. Ngoxa imfazwe yayisaqhubeka, abameli bamazwe angama-50 bavelisa elona cebo libalaseleyo lokuzisa unqabiseko lwezizwe ngezizwe kwawakhe acingwa ngumntu: uMgaqo-siseko weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Ingabula-zigcawu yalo Mgaqo-siseko yavakalisa uzimiselo “lokusindisa izizukulwana ezilandelayo kwisibetho semfazwe.” Amazwe awayeya kuba ngamalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ayefanele ‘asebenzise amandla awo ngokumanyeneyo ukuze alondoloze uxolo nonqabiseko lwezizwe ngezizwe.’

Kwiintsuku ezingamashumi amane ananye kamva, inqwelo-moya yaphosa ibhombu yeathom eHiroshima, eJapan. Loo bhombu yadubula ngentla kombindi wesixeko, ibulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-70 000. Olo gqabhuko-dubulo, nolo lwenzeka ngokulandelayo kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva eNagasaki, lwaphumelela ukuphelisa imfazwe neJapan. Ekubeni ilizwe elalincedisana neJapan iJamani lanikezelayo ngoMeyi 7, 1945, ngaloo ndlela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yafikelela esiphelweni. Noko ke, ngaba eso yayisisiphelo sayo yonke into ekuthiwa yimfazwe?

Akunjalo. Ukususela ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, uluntu luye lwabona iimfazwe ezincinane ezingaphezu kwe-150 eziye zasuba ubomi babantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-19. Licacile elokuba, icebo elibalaseleyo leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo alikaluzisi unqabiseko lwezizwe ngezizwe. Konakele phi?

IMfazwe Yomlomo

Abacebi beZizwe Ezimanyeneyo basilela ukubona kwangaphambili ubutshaba obavela ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwamazwe awayencedisana kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Amazwe amaninzi athabath’ icala kolu sukuzwano lwamandla, olwabizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe Yomlomo nolwathi, ngokuyinxenye, lwaba lusukuzwano phakathi kobuKomanisi nobukapitali. Kunokuba amanyanise amandla awo ekunqumamiseni imfazwe, la maqela amabini amazwe axhasa amacala achaseneyo kungquzulwano lweenqila yaye ngale ndlela alwa eAsiya, eAfrika nakumazwe aseMerika.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960, iMfazwe Yomlomo yaqalisa ukudamba. Oku kudamba kwafikelela encotsheni yako ngowe-1975 xa Amazwe angama-35 atyikitya oko kubizwa ngokuba sisiVumelwano SaseHelsinki. Phakathi kwabathabathi nxaxheba kwakukho iSoviet Union neUnited States, kunye namazwe aseYurophu awahlukahlukeneyo ancedisana nawo. Onke loo mazwe athembisa ukuba ayeza kusebenzela ukuzisa “uxolo nonqabiseko” yaye “akuchase . . . ukugrogrisa okanye ukusebenzisa amandla ukudubaduba ukuzihlonela okanye ukuzimela geqe kwezobupolitika kwalo naliphi na iLizwe, okanye nangayiphi na indlela engavumelaniyo nenjongo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.”

Kodwa ezi ngcamango azizange zivelise siqhamo. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980, usukuzwano phakathi kwamagunya awongamileyo lwaphinda lwavuka phantsi. Iliwa lalibhek’ umoya ngokokude ngowe-1982 usosiba-jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo owayesandul’ ukunyulwa, uGqr. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, wakuvuma ukusilela kwentlangano yakhe waza walumkisa ‘ngesiphithiphithi esitsha sezizwe ngezizwe.’

Sekunjalo, namhlanje, usosiba-jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo nezinye iinkokeli zivakalisa ithemba. Iindaba zibhekisela ‘kwixesha lasemva kweMfazwe Yomlomo.’ Le nguqulelo ibekho njani?

“Ixesha Lasemva KweMfazwe Yomlomo”

Inkalo ephawulekayo yayikukuhlangana kweNkomfa yamazwe angama-35 kuyo ekwakuxoxwa ngoNqabiseko Nentsebenziswano EYurophu. NgoSeptemba 1986 loo mazwe atyikitya oko kubizwa ngokuba luXwebhu LwaseStockholm, eqinisekisa kwakhona ukuzibophelela kwawo kwisiVumelwano SaseHelsinki Sowe-1975.a UXwebhu LwaseStockholm luqulethe imithetho emininzi ejongene nemisebenzi yezomkhosi. ISIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute [iNkqubo YaseStockholm Ephanda Ngoxolo Lwamazwe Ngamazwe]) kwiYearbook 1990 yayo, yathi: “Imiphumo yezinto ezenzeke kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo iyakhuthaza yaye umgangatho woko kufeziweyo uqalisa ukuyongamela imigaqo ebhaliweyo yoXwebhu LwaseStockholm.”

Ngoko, ngowe-1987, amagunya awongamileyo afikelela kwisivumelwano esiphawulekayo esasifuna ukutshatyalaliswa kwayo yonke imijukujelwa ejulwa emhlabeni kwisithuba esiphakathi kweekhilomitha ezingama-500 nezingama-5 500. ISIPRI ithi: “Ukutshatyalaliswa ngokoqobo kwemijukujelwa nezixhobo zokuyijula kuqhubeka njengokuba kucwangcisiwe yaye imigaqo yezivumelwano iyathotyelwa licala ngalinye.”

Kuye kwathatyathwa namanye amanyathelo okunciphisa ingozi yemfazwe yenyukliya. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1988 amagunya awongamileyo atyikitya isivumelwano ngokuphathelele “imijukujelwa eziqhubayo ekwaziyo ukuhamba phakathi kwamazwe nemijukujelwa eziqhubayo edutyulwa ukusuka kwiinkwili.” Ngaphambi kokujula izixhobo ezinjalo, icala ngalinye lifanele lilazise elinye “ngosuku olucetyiweyo, ngeendawo ezijulwa zisuka naleyo zijulelwa kuyo kungekhona ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine kwangaphambili.” NgokweSIPRI, izivumelwano ezinjalo “zithintela ukuba iziganeko zasekuhlaleni zingaphethukeli ekubeni yimfazwe yenyukliya yehlabathi ngokubanzi.”

Kwangaxeshanye, amacebo okuphucula unqabiseko lwezizwe ngezizwe athabatha unyawo. NgoMeyi 1990, ebudeni benkomfa yamagunya awongamileyo eWashington, D.C., owayesakuba ngumongameli waseSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev waphakamisa isindululo sokuba amaqela amabini amazwe aseYurophu atyikitye isivumelwano soxolo. NgoJulayi, amazwe ali-16 aseNtshona angamalungu eNATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization [iNtlangano Yesivumelwano Sasemntla Atlantiki]) ahlangana eLondon. Intsabelo yawo kwisindululo sikaMikhail Gorbachev yaba kukuba amacala omabini ayefanele atyikitye “isibhengezo esimanyeneyo esiya kuthi kuso sivakalise ngokupheleleyo ukuba asisezizo iintshaba size siqinisekise umdla wethu wokuchasa isisongelo okanye ukusetyenziswa komkhosi.” Kumxholo okwiphepha lokuqala kwiphephandaba laseAfrika oku kwachazwa ‘njengeNyathelo Elibalaseleyo Elisa Kuxolo Lwehlabathi.’

Ngoko, ngaphambi nje kwenkomfa yamagunya awongamileyo eHelsinki, eFinland, isithethi sorhulumente waseUnited States sathi “isibakala sokuba kungakho imfazwe [kuMbindi Mpuma] sizisa icebo elitsha elimanyeneyo loxolo lwehlabathi.” Uxolo lwehlabathi lwaphazamiseka xa i-Iraq yahlasela iKuwait, yaye kwabonakala kukho ingozi yokuba imfazwe inganwenwela kuwo wonke uMbindi Mpuma. Kodwa ngokugunyaziswa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, umkhosi wamazwe ngamazwe owawukhokelwa yiUnited States wadudulela imikhosi ehlaselayo emva kowayo. Ukumanyana kwinjongo enye kwamazwe ngamazwe okwabonakaliswa kuloo mfazwe kwakhuthaza abathile ukuba babe nethemba lokuba ixesha elitsha lentsebenziswano lalisemnyango.

Ukususela ngoko, iziganeko zehlabathi ziye zahambela phambili. Ngokukhethekileyo, ubume boko kwakusakuba yiSoviet Union baguquka ngokuphawulekayo. Amazwe akwiBaltic avunyelwa ukuvakalisa ukuzimela geqe kwawo, yaye ezinye iiriphabliki eSoviet Union zalandela ekhondweni lawo. Imilo yogonyamelo neyobuhlanga yabakho kumazwe awayebonakala emanyene phantsi kolawulo lorhulumente omnye wobuKomanisi. Ekupheleni kowe-1991, iSoviet Union yapheliswa ngokusemthethweni.

Ezi nguqulelo zize ngamandla kwinkqubo yehlabathi yobupolitika ziye zavulel’ amathuba intlangano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Mayela noku iThe New York Times yathi: “Ukuthotha kweembambano zehlabathi ngokubanzi nomoya omtsha wentsebenziswano phakathi kweUnited States neSoviet Union kunokuthetha indima entsha nenamandla ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zamazwe ngamazwe ngentlangano yehlabathi.”

Ngaba ekugqibeleni kulixesha lokuba loo ntlangano ineminyaka engama-47 ikho izibonakalise oko inokukwenza? Ngaba ngokwenene singenela oko iUnited States ikubiza ngokuba ‘yinkulungwane entsha, newaka leminyaka elitsha, loxolo, inkululeko nempumelelo’?

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]