IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo—Ngaba Zilunge Ngakumbi?
INGABULA-ZIGCAWU yoMgaqo-siseko weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ichaza ezi njongo ziphakamileyo: “Thina zizwe zingamalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo sizimisele ukusindisa izizukulwana ezilandelayo kwisibetho semfazwe, esithe izihlandlo ezibini kwixesha lokudla kwethu amazimba sabangela intlungu engathethekiyo eluntwini, . . . ibe [sinqwenela] ukusebenzisa ngokumanyeneyo amandla ethu ukuze silondoloze uxolo nonqabiseko lwezizwe ngezizwe, . . . sigqibe ekubeni sibambisane ukuze siziphumeze ezi njongo.”
Ngaba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ‘ziziphumezile ezi njongo’? Ngaba zikwazile ukwenza amazwe ukuba asebenzise amandla awo ngokumanyeneyo aze alondoloze uxolo nonqabiseko? Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukabi njalo, nangona iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziye zazama ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba zibe yindlela elungileyo nephawulekayo kunoManyano Lwezizwe. Noko ke, isizukulwana esakubonayo ukusekwa kwazo ngowe-1945 besisoloko sithwaxwa ziimfazwe, iimvukelo, ukuhlaselwa kwamazwe ngamanye, ubhukuqo-mbuso naziintlaselo kwiindawo ezininzi zomhlaba. Yaye obu bundlobongela bebubandakanya amazwe amaninzi awenza isigqibo ‘sokulondoloza uxolo nonqabiseko lwezizwe ngezizwe.’
Azikabi Yondlela Ilungileyo
Noko ke, abahlalutyi abagxeka ukusilela kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ukuthintela aba yeha basenokuba balibala inkalo ebalulekileyo—amandla entlangano axhomekeke kumandla omgaqo-siseko wayo nasekuzibhokoxeni kwamalungu ayo ekuphumezeni iimbopheleleko zawo phantsi komgaqo-siseko onikelweyo. Okokuqala, uMgaqo-siseko weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo awuzimiseli iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo njengorhulumente wehlabathi onegunya elongamileyo phezu kwawo onke amazwe angamalungu azo.
KwiGatya 2(7) kumiselwa oku: “Akukho nto iqulethwe kuMgaqo-siseko okhoyo eya kugunyazisa iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ukuba zingenelele kwimicimbi ngokusisiseko efanele isingathwe ligunya lasekuhlaleni lalo naliphi na ilizwe.” IUNCIO (United Nations Conference on International Organization [INkomfa YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Yokulungelelanisa Amazwe Ngamazwe]), eyayiseSan Francisco ukususela ngoAprili 25 ukusa kuJuni 26, 1945, ukuze igqibezele umgaqo-siseko, yakubona kuyimfuneko “ukuqinisekisa ukuba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo phantsi kweemeko zehlabathi eziqhelekileyo zazingafanele zidlulele ngaphaya kwemiqathango yazo eyamkelekileyo okanye zitsibe ilitye likaPhungela.”
Ngaba uye waliphawula elo binzana lichazayo, “phantsi kweemeko zehlabathi eziqhelekileyo”? Ukuba ezi meko bezinokuguquka, iUNCIO yathi lo mgaqo wawunokusetyenziswa “njengoko imeko yehlabathi, uluvo lukawonke wonke ngehlabathi, nenyaniso ekhoyo yokuxhomekeka kwelinye ilizwe kwelinye ikwenza oko kube yimfuneko yaye kufaneleke.”
Injongo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ekumgaqo-siseko yokulondoloza “uxolo nonqabiseko lwezizwe ngezizwe” ibonisa usukelo olunqwenelekayo eluntwini. Eneneni ihlabathi beliya kunqabiseka ngakumbi ukuba amazwe ebelithobela iGatya 2(4) loMgaqo-siseko weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo: “Onke amalungu aza kukuchasa . . . ukungcungcuthekisa okanye ukusebenzisa amandla ukudubaduba ukuzihlonela okanye ukuzimela geqe kwezobupolitika kwalo naliphi na ilizwe.” Kodwa ukuzingca kwamazwe angamalungu ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuye kwayithothisa imigudu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yokufikelela injongo yazo. Kunokuba abambelele kwisifungo sawo kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ‘sokuzinzisa ukungavisisani phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe ngeendlela zoxolo,’ amazwe okanye amaqela amazwe ngokufuthi aye abhenela kwimfazwe, emi ngelithi ‘umcimbi ngokusisiseko ngowokusingathwa ngamagunya awo asekuhlaleni.’—IGatya 2(3, 7).
Amazwe awatyeshelanga nje kuphela iindlela zoxolo zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kodwa aye ayichasa aza ayidela ngokuphandle imithetho yokuzinzisa ukungavisisani. Ibe ngokufuthi kwiintlanganiso zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo iinkokeli zawo ziye zanikela iintetho ezinde zokuzama ukuthethelela izenzo zawo zokuhlasela. Obu buqhetseba bokuphepha imithetho eyamiselwayo ukuze kulondolozwe uxolo ngokufuthi buye bazibangela ukuba zingasebenzi iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngamaxesha anzima kwaza kwakonakalisa kanobom ukuthenjwa kwazo. Amagosa aphambili eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo nachophela iingxoxo ezinjalo adla ngokudideka. Ekugqibeleni, ingxoxo enjalo ngokuqhelekileyo ingqineka iyingxoxo nje engenamiphumo mihle nezama ukuthabatha lula okanye ukuthethelela ugonyamelo nokuphalazwa kwegazi okuqhubekayo. Akumangalisi ukuba uSosiba-Jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uJavier Pérez de Cuéllar wathi iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo “kweminye imimandla zazigqalwa njengenqaba yaseBhabheli yaye ngokona kona zigqalwa ngokufuthi njengendawo yeengxoxo zokulungiswa kweemeko ezingenamiphumo mihle.”
Kukho nesinye isizathu sokuba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziye zafumana ubunzima ekuzingqineni ziyindlela elungileyo. UPérez de Cuéllar wathi xa zaqalisa ukusebenza ngo-Oktobha 24, 1945, “akuzange kumiselwe indlela ekwakuza kunanyathelwa kuyo yokuzisa uxolo.” Ngaphandle koku, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo bezinokuba ngawo njani amandla anempembelelo okukhusela uxolo lwehlabathi ekwakunqwenelwa ukuba zibe ngawo?
Luhlobo Olunjani Loxolo Ezinokulufikelela?
UPérez de Cuéllar uyaphendula: “Uxolo aluyi kuthetha ukuphela kwalo lonke ungquzulwano. Kuphela luya kwenza ukuba ungquzulwano lulawulwe ngemizamo engeyiyo imfazwe okanye ukoyikisa. . . . IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zifuna ukujolisa umbono wethu kolo sukelo.” Ngoko ekuphela koxolo iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ezinokulufikelela kukulawula ugonyamelo.
Ngaba ngokwenene olu luxolo olunonqabiseko? Liyinyaniso elokuba, “ukuba lilungu leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kuvulelekele onke . . . amazwe athanda uxolo.” (IGatya 4(1)) Kodwa ngaba ilizwe elithanda uxolo liya kuhlala linjalo xa lingenele iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo? Oorhulumente bayatshintsha, ibe abalawuli abatsha bazisa iinkqubo ezintsha. Kuthekani ukuba ilungu lijika libe ndlongondlongo, lize libe neenjongo ezigqithiseleyo zobuzwe namabhongo okubawela ukufumana imimandla engakumbi? Yaye kuthekani ukuba liqalisa ukuzixhobisa ngezixhobo zenyukliya nezemichiza? Ngoku ezandleni zazo iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo beziya kuba zinesiqhushumbisi esithiyelwe ukuqhushumba ngexesha elithile. Sekunjalo, njengoko iziganeko zakutshanje eMbindi Mpuma zibonisa, oko kuguquka kweziganeko kunokuba yeyona nto inokushukumisela amazwe ukuba agunyazise iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ukuba zishenxise esi sisongelo sonqabiseko lwawo.
Ngaba Amazwe Anokuzenza Zibe Zezilunge Ngakumbi?
Amazwe aya ekuqonda ngakumbi nangakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili oko iUNCIO yakubiza ngokuba ‘yinyaniso ekhoyo yokuxhomekeka kwamazwe ehlabathi elinye kwelinye.’ Akusekho lizwe linokuzimela. Onke amazwe angamalungu ebutho labantu lezizwe ngezizwe. Onke alwa nothotho lweengxaki ezifanayo: imiphumo ebulalayo yokungcoliswa kommandla ekuphilwa kuwo, ubuhlwempu, izifo ezinganyangekiyo, ukurhweba ngoondlela-mnyama ngeziyobisi kulo naliphi na ilizwekazi, ubugrogrisi, izixhobo zenyukliya ezintsonkothileyo koovimba bamazwe aya esanda ngokwanda. Aba thunywashe banyanzela amazwe ukuba afune uxolo nonqabiseko ngokhokelo lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo okanye azibulale kwawona.
UShevardnadze owayesakuba ngumphathiswa wezangaphandle eSoviet wathi: “IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zinokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ukuba amalungu azo anokuzigunyazisa, ukuba amazwe ayavuma ngokuzithandela okanye okwethuba elithile ukunikela kuzo inxalenye yamalungelo awo okulawula yaye azigunyazisele ukwenza imisebenzi ethile ukuze kungenelwe abaninzi.” Wongezelela wathi: “Kungale ndlela kuphela esinokukwazi ukulenza ixesha loxolo libe lelihlala lihleli yaye lingabuyeli kwimeko yangaphambili.”
Ukuba oku bekunokwenziwa, ilizwi legunya leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo beliya kuthi ngegunya likuphelise ukusongela kwalo naliphi na ilizwe uxolo lwehlabathi. Ukuba bezinegunya lokwenene ezandleni zazo, beziya kunqanda abahlaseli abanjalo ngesinyanzelo nangokukhawuleza. Kodwa ngaba amazwe angamalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo anokuze azinike eli gunya, ‘enikela ngemikhosi yawo exhobileyo, ngoncedo nangamacebiso’ ukuze kulondolozwe uxolo? (IGatya 43(1)) Anokwenjenjalo—ukuba amanqam ebesongela ukuphanzisa kanye isiseko ekusekelwe kuso ulawulo lwaloo mazwe. Ukuba amazwe abona ukuba ‘ukusebenzisa amandla awo ngokumanyeneyo ukuze kulondolozwe uxolo nonqabiseko lwezizwe ngezizwe’ phantsi kokhokelo lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunokuzishenxisa izisongelo ezinjalo, oku kunokukwandisa ukuwahlonela kwazo.
Mhlawumbi uyazibuza ukuba, ‘Ngaba indima yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kumanqam abekwiPersian Gulf ibisisiqalo sokufeza oku?’ Kusenokwenzeka. Amazwe amaninzi ayejamelene nokuwohloka kakubi koqoqosho lwawo okwakunokwenzeka. Yaye ukudodobala koqoqosho lwawo olumanyeneyo, kwakuya kuthetha ukudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi liphela. Ngoko amazwe ahlangana phantsi kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. IBhunga Lokhuseleko ladlulisela uludwe lwezigqibo zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ukuze liphelise ungquzulwano ngoxolo, yaye xa oko kungazange kuphumelele, lasixhasa isigqibo seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo sokusebenzisa umkhosi kwiGulf.
USosiba weLizwe laseUnited States uJames Baker, xa wayecela ukuba kufikelelwe kwesi sigqibo, wathi: “Ngoku imbali iye yasinika elinye ithuba. Ekubeni imfazwe yomlomo iphelile, ngoku sinethuba lokwakha ihlabathi ababenombono walo abaseki . . . beZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Sinethuba lokwenza eli Bhunga Lokhuseleko nezi Zizwe Zimanyeneyo ukuba zibe zizixhobo zoxolo nezobulungisa emhlabeni wonke. . . . Sifanele siwuzalisekise umbono wethu wehlabathi elinoxolo nobulungisa lasemva kwemfazwe yomlomo.” Yaye waphawula oku ngokuphathelele ingxoxo yabo ngokusetyenziswa komkhosi kwiGulf: “Ndicinga ukuba [oku] kuya kuba yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kufak’ isandla kakhulu ekumiseleni ikamva leli qumrhu.”
AmaNgqina kaYehova akholelwa ngokomeleleyo ekubeni iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziya kuba nendima ephambili kwiziganeko zehlabathi kwikamva elingekude. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ezi ziganeko ziya kuchulumancisa kakhulu. Yaye imiphumo yoko iya kuba nempembelelo enkulu ebomini bakho. Siyakubongoza ukuba ubuze amaNgqina kaYehova aselumelwaneni lwakho ngenkcazelo engakumbi kulo mbandela. Ngokucacileyo iBhayibhile izoba umfanekiso obonisa ukuba kungekudala iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziya kunikwa amandla negunya. Ngoko iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziya kwenza izinto ezithile ezibambis’ ongezantsi neziya kukukhwankqisa kakhulu. Ibe uya kuchulumanca kukufunda ukuba kusekho indlela elunge ngakumbi nenokufumaneka eya kuthi ngokuqinisekileyo izise uxolo nonqabiseko lukanaphakade!
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 9]
UGuido de Marco, umongameli weNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (ekunene) noSosiba-Jikelele uPérez de Cuéllar kwintlanganiso enkulu yama-45 yeNgqungquthela
[Inkcazelo]
UN photo 176104/Milton Grant