Ukuxabiseka Kombhalo-ngqangi KaNash
UNOKWAZI njani ngokuchanileyo ukuba wabhalwa nini umbhalo-ngqangi omdala weBhayibhile wesiHebhere? Leyo yingxaki awayejamelene nayo uGqr. John C. Trever ngowe-1948 xa wabona okokuqala uMsongo kaIsaya woLwandle Olufileyo. Indlela ababhalwe ngayo oonobumba besiHebhere yamenza wanomdla. Wayesazi ukuba oonobomba banokumkhokelela ekufumaniseni ubudala bawo, kodwa wayeza kubathelekisa nantoni? Ngokuchanileyo, wagqiba ngelithi: Wayeza kubathelekisa kuphela noonobumba boMbhalo-ngqangi kaNash. Ngoba? Unjani lo mbhalo-ngqangi, yaye wawuvela phi?
UMbhalo-ngqangi kaNash ubunjwe ziziqwengana ezine ezinemigca engama-24 zendinyana yesiHebhere, eziziisentimitha ezisisi-7,5 ububanzi nezili-12,5 ubude. Wathiywa ngegama likaW. L. Nash, unobhala woMbutho weNzululwazi Yokumbiwa Kwezinto Zamaxesha Okubhalwa KweBhayibhile, owawufumana kumrhwebi waseYiputa ngowe-1902. Wapapashwa nguS. A. Cooke kunyaka olandelayo kwimpapasho yaloo mbutho iProceedings yaye wasiwa kwiThala Leencwadi kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge, eNgilani apho uye wagcinwa khona. Ukuxabiseka kwesiqwengana salo mbhalo-ngqangi kunento yokwenza nobudala bawo. Abaphengululi babesithi wabhalwa ngenkulungwane yesibini okanye yokuqala Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, ngoko yayisesona siqwengana sombhalo-ngqangi wesiHebhere sidala sakha safunyanwa.
Xa uGqr. Trever wathelekisa umfanekiso weslide woMbhalo-ngqangi kaNash kunye nomsongo owawuphambi kwakhe, wajonga ngenyameko indlela abhalwe ngayo unobumba ngamnye. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, oonobumba babefana gqitha. Nakuba kunjalo, wabonakala engayikholelwa into yokuba umbhalo-ngqangi omkhulu nosandul’ ukufunyanwa ube wabhalwa kudala phantse ngexesha owabhalwa ngalo uMbhalo-ngqangi kaNash. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, indlela awayeqiqa ngayo yangqineka ichanile. UMsongo kaIsaya woLwandle Olufileyo wabhalwa ngenkulungwane yesibini Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo!
Oko Kuqulethwe NguMbhalo-ngqangi KaNash
Uhlolisiso olwenziwa kuMbhalo-ngqangi kaNash lubonisa ukuba yonke imigca yawo engama-24 ayiphelelanga, kukho igama okanye unobumba ongekhoyo kumacala omabini. Uqulethe amacandelo athile eMithetho Elishumi athatyathwe kwiEksodus isahluko 20, kunye nezinye iindinyana ezithatyathwe kwiDuteronomi isahluko 5 nesesi-6. Ngoko lo yayingengombhalo-ngqangi weBhayibhile uqhelekileyo kodwa yayingumbhalo oxutyiweyo owawenzelwe injongo ekhethekileyo. Kubonakala ukuba wawuyinxalenye yemiyalelo eyayiqokelelwe ukuze kukhunjuzwe umYuda imbopheleleko anayo kuThixo. Inxalenye yesibhalo esiqalisa ngeDuteronomi 6:4, ebizwa ngokuba yiShema, yayiphindaphindwa ngokufuthi. Loo ndinyana ifundeka ngolu hlobo: “Yiva, Sirayeli: UYehova uThixo wethu nguYehova mnye.”
ITetragrammaton, engoonobomba abane, abangaba YHWH, nabamela igama elithi “Yehova,” kule ndinyana babonakala kabini kumgca wokugqibela walo mbhalo-ngqangi, yaye babonakala kwezinye iindawo ezintlanu. Kwakhona babonakala kanye engekho unobumba wokuqala.
Ngokuyintloko iShema yayenzelwe ukubethelela ukuba “uThixo usisiqu esinye.” Ngokutsho kweTalmud yamaYuda (Berakoth 19a), igama lokugqibela, elithi ʼE·chadhʹ (“Mnye”), “lifanele libethelelwe ngokukodwa ngoxa lifundwa ngokuvakalisa ilungu ngalinye legama.” (nguW. O. E. Oesterley noG. H. Box) Libhekisela kuThixo, igama elithi ʼE·chadhʹ elenziwe lalide lalikwavakalisa ukuba akakho omnye onjengaye.
Namhlanje, mininzi eminye imibhalo-ngqangi efana noMbhalo-ngqangi kaNash, ngokukodwa imisongo eyafunyanwa kwimiqolomba engaselunxwemeni loLwandle Olufileyo kufuphi naseQumran. Uhlolisiso oluneenkcukacha luye lwangqina ukuba uninzi lwale mibhalo-ngqangi lwabhalwa ngenkulungwane yokuqala neyesibini Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo.a Nangona ungasenguwo owona mbhalo-ngqangi mdala waziwayo wesiHebhere, uMbhalo-ngqangi kaNash usabangela umdla gqitha. Usekuphela kombhalo-ngqangi weBhayibhile wesiHebhere owabhalwa kudala nowafunyanwa eYiputa.
[Umbhalo osemazantsi]