Uxolo LwaseWestphalia—Ixesha Leenguqulelo Ezibalulekileyo EYurophu
“AKUQHELEKANGA ukuba iiNkulumbuso ezininzi kangaka zaseYurophu zihlanganisane njengokuba kunjalo namhlanje.” URoman Herzog owayesakuba ngumongameli weFederal Republic of Germany, wathetha loo mazwi ngo-Oktobha 1998. La mazwi wawathetha kukho ookumkani abane, ookumkanikazi abane, iinkosana ezimbini, itshawe nabongameli abaliqela. Le ngqungquthela, eyayiququzelelwe liBhunga laseYurophu, yayibaluleke gqitha kwimbali yama-50 kwilizwekazi lezi mini laseJamani. Kwakusenzeka ntoni apho?
Ngo-Oktobha 1998 kwakusenziwa isikhumbuzo sama-350 seSivumelwano Soxolo saseWestphalia. Ngokuqhelekileyo izivumelwano zoxolo zikukuqalisa kokuguquka kwembali yaye xa kucingwa ngeSivumelwano Soxolo saseWestphalia sasibaluleke gqitha. Ukutyikitywa kwesi sivumelwano ngowe-1648 kwaphelisa IMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu kwaza kwaba kukuqalisa koorhulumente bamazwe kwilizwekazi laseYurophu njengokuba sibabona namhlanje.
Ukugungqiswa Kwemibutho Emidala
Ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi, eyona mibutho eyayinamandla eYurophu yayiyiCawa yamaRoma Katolika noBukhosi Obungcwele bamaRoma. Obu bukhosi babubunjwa ngamazwe amaninzi gqitha awayenobukhulu obahlukahlukeneyo nawayegubungela ummandla ngoku oyiOstriya, iRiphabliki yaseCzech, impuma Fransi, iJamani, iSwitzerland, aMazwe Asemazantsi, nenxalenye yeItali. Ekubeni iJamani yayiyeyona inommandla omkhulu, obu bukhosi babizwa ngokuba buBukhosi Obungcwele bamaRoma boHlanga lwamaJamani. Ilizwe ngalinye lalilawulwa kwangaxeshanye yinkosana. Umlawuli wayengumRoma Katolika wentsapho yaseOstriya yakwaHabsburg. Ngoko ke, ekubeni kwakulawula upopu nentsapho ethile, iYurophu yayisezandleni ezingqongqo zamaRoma Katolika.
Noko ke, ngenkulungwane ye-16 neye-17 lo mbutho wagungqiswa. IYurophu iphela yayimbombozeliswa bubunewunewu beCawa yamaRoma Katolika. Abahlaziyi bonqulo abanjengoMartin Luther noJohn Calvin bakhuthaza ukuba kubuyelwe kwimigaqo yeBhayibhile. OkaLuther noCalvin baxhaswa ngabantu abaninzi, yaye kulo mbutho kwaphuma iinkonzo zoHlaziyo nezamaProtestanti. UHlaziyo lwabuqhekeza obu bukhosi baba ziicawa ezintathu—amaKatolika, amaLuthere nabalandeli bakaCalvin.
AmaKatolika ayengawathembi amaProtestanti, yaye amaProtestanti ayewathiyile amaKatolika. Oku kwabangela ukuba kuyilwe imibutho eyabizwa ngokuba yiProtestant Union neCatholic League ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17. Ezinye iinkosana zaba ngamalungu eUnion, yaye ezinye zangamalungu eLeague. Abantu eYurophu—nakubo bonke obu bukhosi—babejongene ngezikhondo zamehlo yaye uqhushululu nje oluncinane lwalunokuqalis’ imbambano enkulu. Xa lwavuka olo qhushululu, kwaqal’ imfazwe ayaqhubeka iminyaka engama-30 eyalandelayo.
Uqhushululu Luqalisa Imbambano Enkulu EYurophu
Abalawuli abangamaProtestanti bazama ukuphembelela intsapho yakwaHabsburg engamaKatolika ukuba inyenyise ulawulo lwayo kwimibandela yonqulo. Kodwa akuzange kube lula ukufikelela kwizigqibo, yaye ngowe-1617-18, iicawa ezimbini zamaLuthere eBohemia (kwiRiphabliki yaseCzech) zavalwa ngenkani. Oku kwazicaphukisa iindwalutho ezingamaProtestanti, kangangokuba zangena zimbonzeleka kwibhotwe lasePrague, zaza zafika zawathi hlasi amagosa amathathu angamaKatolika, zawaphosa phandle ngefestile ekwigumbi eliphezulu. Oku kwaqalisa imbambano enkulu eYurophu.
Nangona ayesithi angabalandeli beNkosana Yoxolo, uYesu Kristu, amalungu eecawa ezilwayo ngoku ayebambene ngezifuba. (Isaya 9:6) Kwidabi ekuthiwa yiBattle of White Mountain, iLeague yayoyisa ngendlela elihlazo iUnion eyathi kamva yachithakala. Iindwalutho ezingamaProtestanti zabulawa kwindawo yentengiso yasePrague. Kulo lonke elaseBohemia, umhlaba wamaProtestanti angalulahliyo ukholo lwawo wathinjwa aza amaKatolika abelana ngawo. Incwadi ethi 1648—Krieg und Frieden in Europa (1648—IMfazwe Noxolo EYurophu) ichaza oku kuthinjwa ‘njengenye yezona zinto ezabangela ukuba umhlaba wabanye abantu ube ngowabanye kumbindi Yurophu.’
Oko kwaqala njengokungavisisani konqulo eBohemia kwakhula kwayimfazwe yokubanga igunya yamazwe ngamazwe. Kwiminyaka engama-30 eyalandelayo, iDenmark, iFransi, iNetherlands, iSpeyin neSweden zangenelela kule mfazwe. Abalawuli abangamaKatolika nabangamaProtestanti, kumaxesha amaninzi beqhutywa kukubawa nakukunyolukela igunya, basebenzisa amaqhinga ukuze bazuze igunya kwezobupolitika nakwezorhwebo. Le Mfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu ihlulahlulwe yangamanqanaba, yaye ngalinye libizwa ngegama lezona ntshaba zinkulu zomlawuli. Iincwadi ezininzi zithi yayinamanqanaba amane: iBohemian nePalatine War, iDanish-Lower Saxony War, iSwedish War, French-Swedish War. Ubukhulu becala kwakuliwa kummandla wasebukhosini.
Izixhobo ezazisetyenziswa yayiyimipu, oombayimbayi neenkanunu, izixhobo ngokuyintloko ezazivela eSweden. AmaKatolika namaProtestanti ayengene zwabha edabini. Ngoxa amajoni ayesiya emfazweni ayekhwaza esithi “Santa Maria” okanye “uThixo unathi.” Amajoni ayephanga aze athimbe nantoni ephambi kwawo kwimimandla yamaJamani, iintshaba nabantu abaqhelekileyo ebaphatha njengezilwanyana. Le yaba yimfazwe yenkohlakalo engathethekiyo. Oku kwakwahluke gqitha kwisiprofeto seBhayibhile esithi: “Uhlanga aluyi kuphakamisela uhlanga ikrele, zingayi kuphinda zifunde nemfazwe kwakhona”!—Mika 4:3.
Abantwana baseJamani bakhula kungekho nto yimbi bayaziyo ngaphandle kwemfazwe yaye elo butho labantu elalidiniwe lalilangazelela uxolo. Kubonakala ukuba, uxolo lwalunokubakho ukuba nje iimbono zabalawuli zazingangqubani kwezobupolitika. Iimbono zobupolitika zabonakala ngakumbi njengoko imfazwe yayisiya iphelelwa lifuthe layo lonqulo yaye igxininisa ngakumbi kwimibandela yobupolitika. Okuhlekisayo kukuba, umntu owabangela le nguqulelo yayiligosa eliphambili leCawa yamaKatolika.
UKhadinali Richelieu Utshotsha Phambili
Igama elisemthethweni lika-Armand-Jean du Plessis lalinguKhadinali de Richelieu. Wayekwayinkulumbuso yaseFransi ukususela ngowe-1624 ukusa kowe-1642. Lo kaRichelieu wayezimisele ukulenza elaseFransi libe lelona gunya liphambili eYurophu. Ukuze afeze loo njongo, wazama ukunciphisa igunya lamanye amaKatolika, intsapho yakwaHabsburg. Wakwenza njani oku? Waxhasa ngemali amajoni angamaProtestanti akwimimandla yaseJamani, eDenmark, eNetherlands naseSweden, bantu abo ababesilwa nentsapho yakwaHabsburg.
Ngowe-1635, uRichelieu wawuthumela emfazweni okokuqala umkhosi waseFransi. Incwadi ethi vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! (Makubekho Uxolo!) icacisa ukuba kwinqanaba layo lokugqibela, “IMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu yayeka ukuba yimbambano yamaqela onqulo. . . Le mfazwe yaba kukulwa ngegunya lezobupolitika lokulawulwa kweYurophu.” Oko kwaqala njengokungavisisani phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProtestanti, ekugqibeleni kwaphumela ekubeni amaKatolika namaProtestanti alwe namanye amaKatolika. ICatholic League, eyayisele ithenwe amandla ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1630, yachithakala ngowe-1635.
Ingqungquthela Yoxolo EWestphalia
Ukuphanga, ukubulala, ukudlwengula nezifo, ezo zinto zazande ngendlela engalawulekiyo eYurophu. Ngokuthe ngcembe, abantu balangazelela uxolo ingakumbi xa baphawula ukuba akukho mntu oza koyisa kule mfazwe. Incwadi ethi vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! ithi “ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1630 iinkosana ezazilawula zaqonda ukuba igunya lomkhosi alisenakuzinceda ukuze zifeze iinjongo zazo.” Kodwa ukuba bonke abantu babefuna uxolo, lwaluza kubakho njani?
UMlawuli uFerdinand III woBukhosi Obungcwele bamaRoma, uKumkani uLouis XIII waseFransi, noKumkanikazi uChristina waseSweden bavumelana ukuba kubekho ingqungquthela aze onke la maqela alwayo ahlanganisane ukuze athethe ngoxolo. Kwakhethwa iindawo ezimbini eyayiza kuqhutyelwa kuzo le ngqungquthela—idolophu yaseOsnabrück neyaseMünster eJamani, kwiphondo laseWestphalia. Ezi dolophu zakhethwa kuba zisembindini wekomkhulu laseSweden nelaseFransi. Ukususela ngowe-1643 kwiidolophu ezimbini kwafika igqiza elinokuba li-150—elinye lineqela elikhulu labacebisi—eMünster kwahlanganisana iqela lamaKatolika, eOsnabrück elamaProtestanti.
Kuqala, kwabekwa imigaqo yendlela yokubizana nezikhundla zeendwendwe, indlela eziza kuhlala ngayo nenkqubo eza kulandelwa. Lwandula ke lwaqalisa uthethathethwano loxolo, kudluliselwa izicelo kwelinye iqela zisiya kwelinye ngoonozakuzaku. Phantse emva kweminyaka emihlanu—ngoxa imfazwe yayisaqhubeka—kwavunyelwana ngoxolo. ISivumelwano Soxolo saseWestphalia sinamaxwebhu angaphezu kwelinye. Esinye isivumelwano satyikitywa phakathi koMlawuli uFerdinand III neSweden, esinye eMünster phakathi kwalo mlawuli neFransi.
Njengokuba iindaba zesivumelwano zazinwenwa, kwaqaliswa ukubhiyozwa. Imfazwe eyaqala ngerhuluwa isity’ emntwini yaphela ngoku irhuluwa (fireworks) sekudlalwa ngayo. Irhuluwa yayibonakala isisithatha esibhakabhakeni kwizixeko ezininzi. Kwakhala iintsimbi zeecawa, kwadubul’ iinkanunu zisamkel’ uxolo yaye abantu babecula ezitratweni. Ngaba ngoku kwakunokulindelwa ukuba eYurophu kubekho uxolo olungapheliyo?
Ngaba Lunokubakho Uxolo Olungapheliyo?
ISivumelwano saseWestphalia sasisamkela imimandla yolawulo eyayimisiwe. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba qela ngalinye elikwisivumelwano laliza kuwuhlonela ummandla elinye elilawula kuwo lize lingagxuphuleki kwimibandela yelo lizwe. Ngaloo ndlela, kwaqalisa ilizwekazi laseYurophu elinamazwe amaninzi. Kula mazwe, amanye azuza ngakumbi kunamanye kwesi sivumelwano.
IFransi yaba ligunya eliphambili, yaza iNetherlands neSwitzerland, ilizwe ngalinye lafumana uzimele-geqe. Kumazwe aseJamani, amaninzi kuwo awayedlakazwe yimfazwe, esi sivumelwano sabangela iingxaki ezithile. Ikamva laseJamani ngomlinganiselo othile lalimiselwa ngamanye amazwe. IThe New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Inkqubela neengxaki zeenkosana zaseJamani zazixhomekeke koko kuyinzuzo yamagunya amakhulu: iFransi, iSweden neOstriya.” Kunokuba amanyane abe lilizwe elinye, amazwe aseJamani ahlukana njengangaphambili. Ngaphezu koko, eminye imimandla yanikwa abalawuli bamanye amazwe ukuba bayilawule, njengemimandla ethile yemilambo emikhulu yaseJamani—iRhine, iElbe neOder.
Icawa yamaKatolika, yamaLuthere neyabalandeli bakaCalvin zaba negunya elilinganayo. Oku akuzange kubavuyise bonke abantu. UPopu Innocent X wayengafuni nokuva ngesi sivumelwano, esithi singamampunge. Sekunjalo, imida yonqulo eyayibekiwe ubukhulu becala ayizange itshintshwe kangangeenkulungwane ezintathu. Nangona abantu babengekakhululeki ngokonqulo, kodwa ucuntsu wayengafani noshici.
Isivumelwano sayiphelisa IMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu, yaye phantse konke ukulwa kwaphela. Le yayiyimfazwe yokugqibela enkulu yonqulo eYurophu. Iimfazwe zona zange ziphele, kodwa ngoku kwakungasaliwa ngenxa yonqulo, kodwa ngenxa yezobupolitika okanye urhwebo. Oku akuthethi kuthi unqulo aluzange luphinde lube nempembelelo kwiimfazwe zaseYurophu. KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I neyesi-II, amajoni aseJamani ayenxibe iibhanti ezinamakhonkco anamazwi aqhelekileyo athi: “UThixo Unathi.” Kwezo mfazwe zimanyumnyezi, amaKatolika namaProtestanti aphinda ahlanganisana ukuze alwe namanye amaKatolika namaProtestanti aziintshaba zawo.
Ngokucacileyo, iSivumelwano saseWestphalia asizange sizise uxolo oluhlala luhleli. Noko ke, olo xolo kungekudala luya kufunyanwa ngabantu abathobelayo. UYehova uThixo uza kuzisa uxolo olungunaphakade ebantwini ngoBukumkani bukaMesiya uNyana wakhe, uYesu Kristu. Kuloo rhulumente, unqulo olunye luya kubangela umanyano, kungekhona iyantlukwano. Akukho mntu uya kulwa imfazwe nangasiphi na isizathu, enoba kungenxa yonqulo okanye esinye isizathu. Hayi indlela ekuya kuba sisiqabu ngayo xa uBukumkani bulawula umhlaba wonke yaye “noxolo aluyi kuphela”!—Isaya 9:6, 7.
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 21]
Oko kwaqala njengokungavisisani phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProtestanti ekugqibeleni kwaphumela ekubeni amaKatolika namaProtestanti alwe namanye amaKatolika
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 22]
Amajoni ayesiya emfazweni ekhwaza esithi “Santa Maria” okanye “uThixo unathi”
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 21]
UKhadinali Richelieu
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
Umfanekiso wenkulungwane ye-16 ubonisa ingxaki phakathi kukaLuther, uCalvin nopopu
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 20]
Kwincwadi ethi Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte VI
[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 23]
Iingxaki zeenkokeli zonqulo: Ngokusuka kwincwadi ethi Wider die Pfaffenherrschaft; imaphu: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck