Iliza Elinamandla Lonqulo—Umphumo Wokugqibela

KUVAKALA ukuqhuqhumba kwamaziko omlilo, kudanyaza izinto ezikhazimlayo, kuphoswa imijukujeiwa ethi ikhuphe umbala obomvu, oluhlaza notyheli esibhakabhakeni. Kutyiwa iitapile ezingaxotyulwanga. Kuvakala iziqhazolo zentsini, kuyagigithekwa kuxhelw’ eXhukwane. Lo ngumhla wokubhiyozela iBonfire Night eNgilani.

NGOKUNGALINDELEKANGA abasebenzi bafumana izidumbu ezingama-25. Imizimba yazo eyayisele ingamathambo yayingcwatywe ngenyameko, iingalo zazisongiwe. Ngaloo ndlela ababhali-mbali bathi bafumanisa umkhondo wesiganeko esikhwankqisayo esenzeka kwiminyaka engama-200 eyadlulayo. Oko kwenzeka eQuebec, eKhanada.

Ezi zingasentla ziziganeko ezibini ezingadibaniyo kodwa ezinengcambu efanayo—uHlaziyo.

INQAKU lenkupho yethu kaOktobha 1 labonisa ukuba ngenkulungwane ye-16 kwenzeka inguqulelo enkulu ngokugqithiseleyo kunqulo eYurophu. Imiphumo yayo yanwenwela nakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Namhlanje iinkalo ezininzi zobomi ziimpawu ezashiywa ngamajingi-qhiwu oHlaziyo. Mhlawumbi zide zichaphazele nomsebenzi wakho wesiqhelo. Okunye okubalulekileyo kukuba, sisemngciphekweni wentlekele yokugqibela ezela unqulo eya kuthi ngokuqinisekileyo ichaphazele ubomi bakho. Ngaba uyazi ukuba iya kubuchaphazela njani?

Khawulandele imiphumo ebonakalayo yoHlaziyo kula mazwe alandelayo:

EJamani: Bambi bathi impembelelo awaba nayo uLuther kwimpucuko yaseJamani yengenakulinganiswa neyakhe nawuphi na umntu kwilizwe lamaNgesi. Inguqulelo yakhe yeZibhalo yenye yezona Bhayibhile zesiJamani zithandwa kakhulu ngabantu. ULuther wenza lukhulu ekulungiseni indlela efanelekileyo yokuthetha nasekuyileni ubudlelane obuhle phakathi kwabantu baseJamani. Wenza urhulumente wayiqonda imfuneko yokuba wonk’ ubani aye esikolweni, ekhuthaza ukuba kufundelwe ubufundisi-ntsapho.

EKhanada: Ngethuba laxa eli lizwe lalilithanga iBritani neFransi yabandakanyeka kukruthakruthwano olumiphumo yalo yabonakala kwiphondo elinye—iQuebec. Kuqala eQuebec kwakuhlala amaKatolika aseFransi awayefudukele kwelo phondo, ibe kamva yaba phantsi kweBritani, yaye kungoko yathi ngowe-1763 yalawulwa ngamaProtestanti. Kwakungaphambilana kunoko ekwathi izidumbu ezikhankanywe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku zangcwatywa ngokufihlakeleyo kufutshane neendonga zesixeko ezenziwe zaluqilima. Kwakutheni ukuze zingcwatywe ngokufihlakeleyo nje? Kungokuba zabonakala zizezamaProtestanti, ngelo xesha ekwakungavumelekanga ukuba angcwatyelwe endaweni yokungcwaba yamaKatolika. Nangoku iQuebec isesisiqithi samaKatolika athetha isiFrentshi, yaye oku kubangele ulwando lwamaqela ale mihla axhasa ukwahluka kweli phondo.

EIreland: Bengathabathekanga luHlaziyo, abemi besiQithi iEmerald abazange balungenele. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, impembelelo yamaProtestanti yaqukuqela ukusuka eNgilani inqumla uLwandle lwaselreland ukuya kutsho kumaphondo asemantla. Namhlanje umphumo woko ube kukwahlulwahlulwa kweIreland. Imibhiyozo yonyaka eyenziwa ngethuba lasehlotyeni eUlster ikhumbuza ngokoyisa kwamaProtestanti kwiimfazwe zexa elidluleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo le mibhiyozo ibangela ukuba amapolisa avale iindlela kudubule iibhombu neembumbulu zeplastiki. IOrange Day Parade eyathi yenziwa ngoJulayi 1986 yashiya abali-160 benzakele. Ngaloo mini kwakukhunjuzwa umhla waxa uKumkani uWilliam waseOrange, owathi wamisela ngokuqinileyo ubuProtestanti eBritani, wathi woyisa ukumkani wokugqibela wamaKatolika, uJames II kwiminyaka enokuba ngama-300 eyadlulayo.

EUnited States: KwiChurch and State in the United States uA. P. Stokes uthi, “Ukubakho kweendidi ngeendidi zamahlelo aneemvelaphi ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseYurophu kwakunguthunywashe onamandla ekuveliseni inkululeko yonqulo eMerika.” Ngexesha laxa iUnited States yayahlulahlulwe ngokwamathanga abona bemi babebaninzi yayingamaProtestanti. Kwakulandelwa imithetho kaCalvin ngokuphathelele unqulo, iipolitiki nezorhwebo. Inkolelo esisiseko yayikukuba umntu ngamnye wayeziphendulela ngokungqalileyo kuMdali wakhe ngaphandle kokubakho komfundisi njengomlamli. Le nkolelo yavelisa isimo sengqondo sokuba umntu abe neenjongo zokusibona kwangaphambili isiphelo sakhe, xa evuna imivuzo yemisebenzi yakhe.

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi In Search of History uT. H. White ukhumbula ukuba ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane, i-13 ekhulwini kubemi baseUnited States lalingamaKatolika. Lo mlinganiselo wanda ukuya kutsho ngaphezu kwama-25 ekhulwini ngowe-1960. Nakuba kunjalo, amaKatolika ambalwa afumana izigxina eziphezulu kwezeepolitiki. Oka White uhlabela mgama esenjenje: “Kwindawo ephezulu kwindlu yeeNgwevu epalamente, apho kwakusenziwa izibhengezo zemfazwe nezibhambathiso zoxolo, apho kwakutyikitywa izivumelwano kuze kwamkelwe nenkqubo yezangaphandle nalapho kwakuwiswa Izigwebo Zenkundla Ephakamileyo sekunjalo amaMerika ayesakhetha amaProtestanti akuqala njengabaphembeleli bomthetho welizwe.” Le nkqubo yapheliswa xa uJohn F. Kennedy waba ngumongameli wokuqala ongumKatolika waseUnited States.

Ukuze ufumane imizekelo engakumbi evela kwamanye amazwe, bona ibhokisi kwiphepha 29.

Indawo Engumgxobhozo

Phantsi kobuProtestanti, kwathi kwanda impikiswano ngezakwalizwi, yaye iinguqulelo neencwadi ezithile zeBhayibhile zathi zasekelwa kwinkululeko nakwiingcamango zomntu ngamnye. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkululeko yavumbulula ukugxekwa kweBhayibhile. Ezi ngcamango zintsha zathi zamkelwa ngabantu; abantu bathi bazala kukuzithemba. Inkqubela-phambili yayingasafani nokubethana kwamaza kakuhle kodwa yayifana nesandi sokubethana kwamaza amakhulu. Umsinga onamandla wohlaziyo wakhukulisa kwaneziseko zemfundiso engokwesithethe yobuKristu. Izinto ezixhaswa ngabantu kule mihla ezinjengendaleko, inkululeko yamabhinqa ‘nokuziphatha okutsha’ ziye zakhukuliswa okwemithi ekhukuliswa ngamanzi. Kwamanye amazwe amaProtestanti unqulo olusekelwe kwiinkolelo zabantu luye lwashiya mntu ngamnye enyanyeni, engumpha ochutywe walahlwa kwisiqithi sakhe esisenkangala sokholo.

Imeko-bume yemimandla yamaProtestanti iphenjelelwa lutyekelo lokuthandabuza imilinganiselo emiselweyo. Abantu bakhuthazelwa ukuba babe nenkolelo kwinkqubela-phambili, kwinkululeko nakumalungelo omntu. Ngowe-1904 uMax Weber, oyingcali eliJamani kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho, wapapasha inqaku elalithetha ngobuProtestanti nobukapitali. Wabonisa ukuba ubukapitali babungengomphumo nje woHlaziyo. Kodwa wafumanisa ukuba kwimimandla enabantu abakholelwa kubukapitali nabaneemvelaphi ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokonqulo, ngokubalaseleyo yayingamaProtestanti abantu ababenezinto, bengabakhokeli, bengamagcisa, yaye beqeqeshiwe. Ngokutsho kweDer Fischer Weltalmanach, kuma-540 amabhaso kaNobel awanikezelwa ukuya kutsho ngowe-1985, isibini kwisithathu sawo sanikwa amaProtestanti. Abemi bemimandla yamaKatolika bafumana kuphela ama-20 ekhulwini. Kumazwe angama-20 aneyona mveliso iphakamileyo, ngokwesilinganiso somntu ngamnye, asithoba yayingawamaProtestanti, amabini ingawamaKatolika. Kwelinye icala, kuluhlu lwamazwe alishumi asakhasayo nanamatyala, ayemahlanu awamaKatolika, kungekho nalinye elamaProtestanti.

Iphephancwadi laseJamani iDer Spiegel elipapashwa iveki neveki labika ukuba iingcamango zikaCalvin zabangela amaNgesi ukuba abe ligunya lehlabathi elinamandla. Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-19, amandla obupolitika akhulayo eUnited States, eJamani naweBritani aba ngunobangela onamandla wokuhlaziywa kwezentlalo. Bonke abantu bavulelwa amathuba alinganayo okuba benze inkqubela-phambili. Bambi bakujonga ukungavisisani okukhoyo kuHlaziyo njengonobangela wobusoshiyali banamhlanje. Ukuphaphela kwamagunya eepolitiki imbopheleleko yawo kwezentlalo kwavulel’ indlela intlalontle yelizwe. Amagunya asekuhlaleni ngokuthe ngcembe ongamela iinkalo ezingokwasemthethweni ngokuphathelele ukuzala, ukufa, umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato nemicimbi yamafa, ngokungakumbi kwimimandla yamaProtestanti. Ngoku ukuqhawula umtshato nokuqhomfa okusemthethweni kumazwe amaKatolika kudla ngokwahluka kakhulu koko kwamazwe amaProstestanti.

Amazwe amabini angabaxhasi bobuProtestanti, iUnited States neBritani, akhula kunye ekubeni lirhamncwa elineempondo ezimbini ekuthethwe ngalo kwisiprofeto seBhayibhile. (ISityhilelo 13:11) Umakhonya kwezeepolitiki wenkulungwane yama-20, intlangano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kuqala owayebizwa ngokuba luManyano Lwezizwe, wabakho ngenxa yemigudu yamaProtestanti.

Isikhukula Siza Kubuya

Iliza eliwuthayo lishiya umtshithi walo elunxwemeni othi usikhumbuze ukuba lisabuya kwakhona. Ngokufanayo, uHlaziyo lwenkulungwane ye-16 lwashiya imizila ebonakalayo esinokuyibona namhlanje. Yaye kukho ubungqina obungenakukhanyelwa bokuba sikwixesha lokuqalisa kweliza lokugqibela lenguqulelo yonqulo eya kuzigqwesa zonke iinguqulelo ezinkulu zexa elidluleyo, eliya kuthi lilutshayele ngonaphakade unqulo lobuxoki neliya kuchaphazela wonk’ ubani ophilayo. Ngaba uya kusinda kulo? Ehlabathini lonke, kukho abantu abaninzi abanganeliswayo lunqulo olumiselweyo, oku kuquka abantu ngabanye noorhulumente. Kutheni kukho oku kunganeliseki?

Ngokufuthi unqulo lwenza izinto ezingavisisaniyo nesigidimi salo sokomoya, ludibanisa isinxibo saseofisini nesinxibo sobufundisi, isithsaba nomnqwazi omde webhishophu nentonga yobukhosi kunye nomnqamlezo. Kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo iphephandaba iObserver elipapashwa ngeeCawa laba nombuzo wokuba abezobupolitiki baselreland babekulungele na ukuthabatha iintambo zokulawula ilizwe kubefundisi. Owayesakuba yingqwayingqwayi yaseNtshona Jamani uHelmut Schmidt wathetha ngokuzifaka konqulo kwiioolitiki ngokuthi, “Andiqondi ukuba oku kuya kuqhubeka ngonaphakade.” Yaye iphephandaóa iLe Figaro laseParis latyhola icawa ‘ngokugxuphuleka kakhulu kwiipolitiki’ kangangokuba ‘isengozini yokubona iipolitiki zidibana nonqulo.’ Umzabalazo okruqulayo okhoyo phakathi kweepolitiki nonqulo usaqhubeka ukususela eIndiya kuse eYiputa naseUnited States, ukususela ePoland kuse eNicaragua nokususela eMalaysia kuse eChile.

Oku akumangalisi, asinto intsha. ISityhilelo isahluko 17 siluchaza lonke unqulo lobuxoki njengehenyukazi, “iBhabhiloni Enkulu,” ethi ihenyuze nookumkani bomhlaba. Indinyana yesi-4 iwuchaza ngokubhekele phayaa umbono walo njengelo ‘lihonjiswe ngegolide, nelitye elinqabileyo, neeperile.’ Ubukhosi bonqulo bungungxowa ayizali, buzanelisa ngobunewunewu yaye buphuphuma ubutyebi. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, ubutyebi obuqaqambileyo beCawa yamaKatolika baba nomtsalane ngokunqwenelekayo. Oku kunjalo nangezinto ezenziwe ngamatye anqabileyo ezifunyanwa kuzo zonke iicawa kule nkulungwane yethu yama-20.

Oorhulumente sele bewaphose kade amehlo abo anomnqweno kobu butyebi. EAlbania kwakukho izindlu ekukhonzela kuzo amaSilamsi, izindlu zeecawa eziqhelekileyo nezinye izakhiwo zonqulo ezingama-2 000 yaye zimbi zasetyenziselwa ezinye iinjongo ezinye zachithwa. Ngowe-1984 iSunday Times yabika ukuba urhulumente waseMalta “waqalisa ukunyeka ubutyebi becawa,” ecuntsula imali eyayinikwa izikolo eziphantsi kwecawa. Xa igosa laseburhulumenteni lalibuzwa indlela eyayinokuthi icawa ihlangabezane ngayo nelahleko, laphendula lathi: “Ukuba kukho imfuneko, amalungu ecawa anokusuka nje anyibilikise iminqamlezo yegolide nezibingelelo zawo zesilivere.” ICawa yobuOrthodox bamaGrike yawuchasa ngokupheleleyo umthetho owamiselwa ngokusesikweni ebutsheni balo nyaka yiNdlu Yowiso-mthetho yaseGrisi owawuya kwenza ukuba urhulumente alawule umhlaba omkhulu wecawa (omalunga ne-10 ekhulwini kummandla welo lizwe).

Ehlabathini lonke, unqulo lubaphoxa kakhulu abantu. Endaweni yokuba lumanyane, luyahlukana. Elinye iphephandaba laseJamani lemihla ngemihla laphawula “ungquzulwano phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProtestanti oluthi lukhulele ekubeni yintiyo.” IFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung yabika ukuba kwanamaqela eenkonzo jikelele, ayilelwa ukuvala umsantsa aqalisa “ngokungathembani nobutshaba obungenakuxolelaniswa phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProtestanti.” UElie Wiesel, owafumana iBhaso Loxolo likaNobel elakhutshwa ngowe-1986, wacatshulwa kwelinye iphephandaba laseJamani njengothi: “Ndisoloko ndicinga ukuba siye sasilela. Ukuba ngowe-1945 uthile wayesixelele ukuba sasiya kuphinda sibone iimfazwe eziqhwaywe lunqulo zigquba phantse kuwo onke amazwekazi . . . sasingayi kukholelwa koko.” Unqulo oluqhwaya uqhushululu, oluphembelela imfazwe okanye luyithabathe njengento engenamsebenzi, lunqulo lobuxoki. Yaye kude kudala uMdali wenza isigqibo sokuba alutshabalalise.

Isahluko sencwadi yeSityhilelo sisixelela ngokucacileyo ikamva lwalo lonke unqulo lobuxoki. Kwindinyana 16 sifunda oku: “limpondo ezilishumi [amagunya oorhulumente entlangano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo] owazibonayo ziserhamncweni [iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo], ngabo baya kulithiya ihenyukazi [unqulo lobuxoki], baliphanzise, balihlube, bayidle inyama yalo, balitshise ngomlilo.”

Umi Phi Wena?

Nakuba oku kusenokubonakala kuyinto engaqhelekanga, unqulo lobuxoki luza kufikelwa ngumhla walo. Izinto oluziqheliselayo, amasiko, izithethe namalungelo alo ngokukhawuleza ziya kuthi shwaka. Oko kusenokubonakala kuwe kuyinto engenakwenzeka njengoko kwakunjalo ebantwini ukutshona kweCawa yamaKatolika ngenkulungwane ye-16. Kodwa amajingi-qhiwu oHlaziyo ayesiba qatha. Ubuncwane becawa bafunyanwa ngabantu, igunya layo lafunyanwa ngookumkani. Kuya kuba njalo nakumhla wethu, iintlanga ziya kongamela ukutshatyalaliswa kokugqibela konqulo lobuxoki.

Oko kuthetha ntoni kuwe ngokobuqu? Khawuhlolisise inkqubo yonqulo lwakho. Ngaba oko lukuxhasayo kuvumelana neBhayibhile kuzo zonke iinkalo? Ngoko ukuba akunjalo, intlangano okuyo iyinxalenye ‘yeBhabhiloni Enkulu,’ okanye ubukhosi behlabathi bonqulo lobuxoki. Landela umyalelo ofunyanwa kwiSityhilelo 18:4, othi: “Phumani kuyo, bantu bam, . . . nokuze ningamkeliswa kwizibetho zayo.”

Khumbula ukuba, iliza elinamandla elizisa intshabalaliso yokugqibela yonqulo lobuxoki lisondele. Linokubonwa elundini. Uya kuba umi phi xa lizisa intshabalaliso yalo ekhatshwa ziindudumo? Ngaba uya kube ungongakhathaliyo? Ngaba uya kube umi kwinduli yegunya lehlabathi elithile? Okanye ngaba uya kube umi entabeni kaYehova? Inye kuphela indawo ekhuselekileyo omele ube kuyo.

[Amagama acatshuliweyo akwiphepha 27]

Umsinga onamandla wohlaziyo wakhukulisa kanye iziseko zemfundiso engokwesithethe. Izinto ezixhaswa ngabantu ezinjengendaleko, inkululeko yamabhinqa ‘nokuziphatha okutsha’ ziye zakhukuliswa okwemithi ekhukuliswe ngamanzi

[Amagama acatshuliweyo akwiphepha 28]

Kukho ubungqina obuqinisekileyo bokuba sikwixesha lokuqalisa kweliza lokugqibela lenguqulelo yonqulo. Ngaba uya kusinda kulo?

[Amagama acatshuliweyo akwiphepha 29]

Ukuba ngowe-1945 uthile wayesixelele ukuba sasiya kuphinda sibone iimfazwe eziqhwaywe lunqulo zigquba kuwo onke amazwekazi, sasingayi kukukholelwa oko

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 29]

EMzantsi Afrika: Inkolelo yabalandeli bakaCalvin yokumiselwa ngenx’ engaphambili ixhasa ucalucalulo lweentlanga njengesiseko esingokwemfundiso yonqulo. Iphephandaba laseJamani lamihla le iFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung labiza abafundisi beNederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (njengoko iCawa yaseDatshi yathi yaziwa ngolo hlobo eMzantsi Afrika) ngokuthi “ngabaseki benkqubo yeepolitiki yocalucalulo lweentlanga.”

ESwitzerland: IGeneva yaba nomtsalane kumawaka amaninzi eembacu, njengoko iyindawo ekwaqalisa kuyo iqela likaCalvin, mbacu ezo ezathi zeza nobutyebi nobulumko bazo. Ngokomphumo, esi isesisixeko esineebhanki eziphambili yaye sineshishini eliphumelelayo elivelisa iiwotshi ezinkulu nezincinane.

EIndiya: Amalungu oMbutho kaYesu (amaJesuit) athi anda njengeqela Elichase uHlaziyo lweCawa yamaRoma Katolika, qela elo elathi lavuselela ubuKatolika nelalandela ukuchaswa koHlaziyo. Amalungu alo Mbutho afika kwiphondo laseGoa ngenkulungwane ye-16, emva nje kokuba lenziwe ithanga lasePortugal. Namhlanje impembelelo eyaba nayo icawa ibonakala kubemi: EGoa, abantu aba-3 kwabali-10 bangamaKatolika, ngoxa umntu omnye kubantu abangama-25 engumKristu ozibabazayo kwi-lndiya xa iyonke.

ENgilani: Ngowe-1605 uJames I, owayengumProtestanti wabekwa etroneni. Njengoko ukucinezelwa kwamaKatolika kwelo lizwe kwakukhula, kwathi kwenziwa iyelenqe lokutshabalalisa ngesiqhushumbisi iPalamente, uKumkani nabo bonke abanye abantu. Abenzi beyelenqe, ababeliqela lamaKatolika awayekhokelwa nguGuy Fawkes, babhaqwa baza bagwetyelwa ukufa. Umhla wesi-5 kuNovemba uba lusuku lokubhiyozela iBonfire Night. Apho iintsapho nabahlobo zisahlangana ngaloo ngokuhlwa enenkwankca ukuze zenze izithatha zomlilo zize zitshise u“guy,” okanye uzenzele womfanekiso oqingqiweyo womenzi weyelenqe.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 26]

UMartin Luther noJohn Calvin—iinkokeli zoHlaziyo