Ukuhlola Iindleko Zezigcayiseli

NgoDisemba 26, 1993, uAugusto owayeneminyaka emithandathu ubudala wayezidlalela ebaleni kufuphi naseLuanda, idolophu elikomkhulu laseAngola. Kungekudala wabona into emenyezelayo phantsi. Ngenxa yomtsalane, wayichola. Ukushukuma kwakhe okwalandelayo kwaba kukuqhushumba kweso sigcayiseli.

Ngenxa yoko kuqhushumba, kwafuneka ukuba uAugasto anqunyulwe unyawo lwasekunene. Ngoku eneminyaka eli-12 ubudala, ixesha elininzi uhlala kwisitulo esinamavili sabaguli, yaye akaboni.

UAUGUSTO wangxwelerhwa sisigcayiseli sokugcayisela abantu, sibizwa ngolo hlobo kuba eyona njongo yaso kukwenzakalisa abantu endaweni yeenqwelo zomkhosi okanye ezinye izithuthi zawo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba namhlanje, zingaphezu kwama-350 iintlobo zezigcayiseli zokugcayisela abantu eziye zaveliswa kumazwe angama-50 ubuncinane. Inkoliso yazo iyilwa ngenjongo yokwenzakalisa, kungekhona ukubulala. Kutheni? Kungenxa yokuba amajoni angxwelerhekileyo kufuneka ancedwe, yaye ijoni elingxwelerhwe sisigcayiseli liya kuwutheza amandla umkhosi—nto leyo kanye efunwa lutshaba. Ukongezelela koko, isikhalo esitsho kabuhlungu selo lingxwelerhekileyo sinokuwoyikisa lawo angamaqabane alo. Ngenxa yoko, izigcayiseli zisoloko zigqalwa njengezinempumelelo kakhulu xa amaxhoba azo ephila—kwanokuba asinde cebetshu.

Noko ke, njengoko kuphawuliwe kwinqaku elandulelayo, inkoliso yamaxhoba ezigcayiseli iba ngabemi, kungekhona amajoni. Oku akusoloko kusenzeka ngengozi. Ngokutsho kwencwadi ethi Landmines—A Deadly Legacy, okunye ukuqhushumba kwezigcayiseli “kwenziwa ngabom ngenjongo yokuba abemi bashiye ummandla lowo, nangenjongo yokutshabalalisa imithombo yokutya, yokwandisa iimbacu, okanye yokubagrogrisa.”

Ukukhankanya nje umzekelo omnye kungquzulwano lwaseKhambodiya, imida yeedolophana zotshaba yajikelezwa ngezigcayiseli, kwandula ke kwadutyulwa ezo dolophana ngoombayimbayi bomlilo. Bezama ukusaba, abemi babalekela ngqo kwezo ndawo kutyalwe kuzo izigcayiseli. Kwangelo xesha, kwimizamo yawo yokunyanzelela urhulumente kwiingxoxo, amalungu eKhmer Rouge atyala izigcayiseli kumasimi erayisi esoyikisa amafama, yaye kwaphantse kwayekwa ukulima.

Mhlawumbi okona kwakha kwamasikizi ngakumbi koko kwenzeka ngowe-1988 eSomalia. Xa kwaphoswa iziqhushumbisi eHargeysa, kwanyanzeleka ukuba abemi balapho basabe. Andula ke amajoni atyala izigcayiseli kuloo makhaya ashiyiweyo. Ekubuyeni kweembacu ukuphela kwaloo mlo, zenzakaliswa okanye zabulawa zezo ziqhushumbisi zazifihlwe apho.

Kodwa izigcayiseli azisosisongelo kubomi nemilenze nje kuphela. Khawuqwalasele nje eminye imiphumo yezi zixhobo zingalunganga.

Iindleko Zazo Kuqoqosho Nasentlalweni

UKofi Annan, unobhala jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, uphawula athi: “Ubukho besigcayiseli nje esinye—okanye kwauloyiko nje lobukho baso—kunokwenza ukuba intsimi yonke ingalinywa, kohluthe eyona nto ixhasa ubomi kuloo dolophana, yaye kube ngomnye umqobo ekwakhiweni nasekuhlaziyweni kweendlela kwidolophana leyo.” Ngoko ke, eAfghanistan naseKhambodiya kukho umhlaba ongakumbi omalunga nama-35 ekhulwini obunokusetyenziselwa ukulima ukuba abalimi bebengoyiki ukunyathela kuwo. Abanye bazibeka kuloo mngcipheko. Omnye umlimi waseKhambodiya uthi: “Ndiyazoyika izigcayiseli. Kodwa ukuba andiphumi ndiye kusika ingca nebamboo, asinakuze siphile.”

Abo basinde ekuqhushumbeni kwezigcayiseli basoloko bethwala uxanduva lokungabi namali. Ngokomzekelo, kwilizwe elisakhasayo, umntwana ophulukana nomlenze wakhe eseneminyaka elishumi ubudala kusenokufuneka afumane oozenzele bemilenze eli-15 ebudeni bokudla kwakhe ubomi, ngokomlinganiselo, ngamnye uya kumdla ama-R770. Kuyavunywa ukuba, loo mali isenokungabonakali ininzi kwabanye. Kodwa kuninzi lwabantu baseAngola, ama-R770 amela umvuzo weenyanga ezingaphezu kwezintathu!

Khawuphinde ucinge ngeny’ intlungu eziyibangelayo entlalweni. Ngokomzekelo, abemi belinye ilizwe laseAsia, bayakuphepha ukunxulumana nabo banqunyulwe imilenze besoyikela ukuthiwa mbende “lilishwa.” Umtshato usenokuba liphupha nje kumntu onqunyulwe umlenze. Enye indoda yaseAngola eyathi yanqunyulwa umlenze emva kokwenzakaliswa sisigcayiseli yakhala isithi: “Andicingi nto ngokutshata. Ibhinqa lifuna indoda enokukwazi ukusebenza.”

Kuyaqondakala ukuba, amaxhoba amaninzi abandezeleka ngenxa yeemvakalelo zokuziva engento yanto. Enye indoda yaseKhambodiya ithi: “Andinakukwazi ukuphinda ndondle intsapho yam, yaye oku kundenza ndizive ndingento.” Maxa wambi, ukuba neemvakalelo ezinjalo kunokuyenza imeko yakho ibe maxongo ngakumbi kunokuphulukana nomlenze nje kuphela. UArtur, olixhoba laseMozambique uthi: “Ndikholelwa ukuba okona kwenzakala kukhulu ndakufumanayo kokweemvakalelo. Izihlandlo ezininzi ndandidla ngokucatshukiswa kukuba umntu esuke nje wandijonga. Ndandicinga ukuba akusekho mntu undihlonelayo yaye ndicinga ukuba andinakuze ndiphinde ndikwazi ukuphila ubomi obuqhelekileyo.”a

Kuthekani Ngokuncothulwa Kwezigcayiseli?

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwenziwa imigudu emikhulu yokuba kukhuthazwe amazwe ukuba aphelise ukusetyenziswa kwezigcayiseli. Ukongezelela koko, abanye oorhulumente baye baqalisa umsebenzi oyingozi wokuncothula ezo sele zityaliwe. Kodwa kukho imiqobo emininzi koku. Omnye unokuthanani nexesha. Ukuncothulwa kwezigcayiseli kucothoza ngeyona ndlela. Enyanisweni, abancothuli bazo baqikelela ukuba, ngokomlinganiselo ixesha lokuncothula isigcayiseli liphindwe kalikhulu kunelo lokusityala. Omnye umqobo kukuba kuziindleko ezinkulu. Isigcayiseli esinye sixabisa phakathi kwe-R18 nama-R90, kodwa ukuncothula esinye kunokuxabisa ukuya kutsho kuma-R6 000.

Ngaloo ndlela, ukuzincothula zonke phantse kubonakale kungenakwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze zisuswe zonke izigcayiseli eziseKhambodiya kuya kufuneka wonk’ ubani okwelo lizwe anikele ngomvuzo wakhe wonke kulo msebenzi kangangeminyaka eliqela ezayo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba nokuba imali ibifumaneka, ukuncothula zonke izigcayiseli ezilapho bekuya kuthabatha inkulungwane yonke. Hayi ke, xa kufikelelwa kumbandela wokuncothulwa kwezo zisehlabathini lonke akubikho nelincinane ithemba. Kuqikelelwa ukuba xa kunokusetyenziswa obu bugcisa bukhoyo, ukuncothula izigcayiseli ezikwesi sijikelezi-langa bekuya kuxabisa ama-R203 amawaka ezigidi, ze oko kuthabathe iminyaka engaphezu kwewaka!

Kuyavunywa ukuba, kuye kwaxutyushwa ngokuveliswa kobugcisa bokutshabalalisa izigcayiseli—ngokusetyenziswa kweempukane ezidla iziqhamo zona zinobuchule bemvelo bokufumana iziqhushumbisi kwanokusetyenziswa kwezithuthi ezilawulwa ngamaza omoya ezinokuncothula izigcayiseli ezikummandla ongangeehektare ezimbini ngeyure. Noko ke, kusenokuthabatha ithutyana ngaphambi kokuba obo bugcisa bufumaneke ngokubanzi kuyo yonk’ indawo, yaye kuyacaca ukuba buya kufumaneka kumazwe atyebileyo kuphela.

Ngoko ke, kwiindawo ezininzi ukuncothulwa kwezigcayiseli kufezwa ngokusebenzisa indlela endala. Kufuneka umntu arhuqe ngesisu phantsi aze axhole umhlaba ongaphambi kwakhe ngentonga, isentimitha nesentimitha, ukuze azincothule kumhlaba ongangeemitha ezingama-20 ukusa kwezingama-50 ngemini. Ngaba akuyongozi oku? Ewe! Kwizigcayiseli ezingama-5 000 ezincothulwayo, kufa umncothuli omnye kuze kwenzakale ababini.

Imigudu Yokumanyana Ukuze Kupheliswe Izigcayiseli

NgoDisemba wowe-1997, abameli abavela kumazwe aliqela batyobela iNdibano Yokuthintela Ukusetyenziswa, Ukufumba, Ukuveliswa Nokuthunyelwa Kwezigcayiseli Zokugcayisela Abantu Nokutshatyalaliswa Kwazo, okwaziwa ngokuba sisivumelwano saseOttawa. UJean Chrétien oyinkulumbuso yaseKhanada uthi: “Alikaze libekho ngaphambili iphulo elikhulu kangaka lezizwe ngezizwe lokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo nelokuphuhliswa komthetho wentlalo-ntle yoluntu.”b Kodwa ke, kusekho amazwe amalunga nama-60—kuquka amanye angawona avelisa izigcayiseli kakhulu ehlabathini—angekasityobeli eso sivumelwano.

Ngaba isivumelwano saseOttawa siya kuphumelela ukuphelisa esi sihelegu sezigcayiseli? Mhlawumbi ukusa kumlinganiselo othile. Kodwa abaninzi bayathandabuza. UClaude Simonnot ongumalathisi weHandicap International, eFransi, uphawula oku: “Kwanokuba onke amazwe ehlabathi ebeya kunamathela kwezo zindululo zaseOttawa, oko bekuya kuba linyathelo nje elinye elisa ekuhlanguleni esi sijikelezi-langa kwingozi yezigcayiseli.” Kutheni esitsho? USimonnot uthi: “Kusekho izigidi zezigcayiseli ezisangcwatywe phantsi komhlaba, ezisalinde amanye amaxhoba exesha elizayo.”

Umbhali-mbali womkhosi uJohn Keegan uphakamisa omnye umbandela. Uthi, imfazwe “intshula emazantsi entliziyo yomntu, . . . yona engunozala wekratshi, iimvakalelo, kwanethuku.” Izivumelwano azinako ukuphelisa izimo ezendele ngokunzulu ngolo hlobo ezifana nentiyo nokubawa. Kodwa ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba abantu baya kuba ngamaxhoba ezigcayiseli angenakuncedakala ngonaphakade?

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 6]

Ukuzuza Imali Ngokuphindwe Kabini?

Umgaqo osisiseko wezoshishino kukuba iinkampani zimele zithwale imbopheleleko xa imveliso yazo ibangela umonakalo. Ngaloo ndlela, uLou McGrath weMines Advisory Group, uthi ezo nkampani zazisenza ingeniso ngokuvelisa izigcayiseli zimele zinyanzelwe ukuba zihlawulele ukulungiswa kwalo monakalo. Noko ke, into exakayo kukuba ezininzi kwezo zazizivelisa ikwazizo eziye zenza ingeniso ngokuzincothula. Ngokomzekelo, kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba enye yaseJamani eyayikade izivelisa ifumene isivumelwano sezigidi ezingama-R600 sokuba incothule izigcayiseli eKuwait. Yaye iMozambique yenza izivumelwano zezigidi ezingama-R46 nequmrhu leenkampani ezintathu ukuze zincothule izigcayiseli ezikwiindlela zayo ezibalulekileyo—ezimbini kuzo zazivelisa izigcayiseli.

Abanye bavakalelwa kukuba kukungcola ngeenkampani ezazivelisa izigcayiseli ukuba ziphinde kwazona zenze imali ngokuzincothula. Ngamany’ amazwi, bathi abavelisi bezigcayiseli bazuza imali ngokuphindwe kabini. Nokuba injani na imeko, ukuveliswa nokuncitshiswa kwezigcayiseli kusaqhubeka kungamashishini anengeniso.

[Umzobo okwiphepha 5]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Umlinganiselo wenani lezigcayiseli kummandla ongangezikweri zeekhilomitha ezi-2,5 kumazwe asi-9 angawona anezigcayiseli ezininzi

BOSNIA and HERZEGOVINA 152

CAMBODIA 143

CROATIA 137

EGYPT 60

IRAQ 59

AFGHANISTAN 40

ANGOLA 31

IRAN 25

RWANDA 25

[Inkcazelo]

Source: United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, 1996

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 7]

EKhambodiya, imifanekiso nemiqondiso elumkisa ngezigcayiseli

Kuma-5 000 ezigcayiseli ezincothulwayo, kufa umncothuli omnye kuze kwenzakale ababini

[Inkcazelo]

Background: © ICRC/Paul Grabhorn

© ICRC/Till Mayer

© ICRC/Philippe Dutoit