Iinqwelo-mafutha, Ezakudala Nezanamhlanje

KWAMANDULO phaya umntu ebesoloko enomdla kwizithuthi. Ekuqaleni, wayexhomekeke kwizilwanyana ukuze akwazi ukuya kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kodwa kwakusafuneka afumane elinye iqhinga ukuze akwazi ukuhamba ngokulula. Elona qhinga yayikukuba afumane isithuthi esihamba ngamavili, ngoko wenza iinqwelo zamahashe namakhareji. Noko ke, ngenxa yeenguqu ezenzeka kwinkulungwane ye-19 kwavela uhlobo lwezithuthi olungazange lucingwe ngaphambili.

Iinjini Eziphuculweyo

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, ummi waseJamani ogama linguNikolaus August Otto wenza injini eqhelekileyo yenqwelo-mafutha, eyathabathel’ indawo iinjini ezisebenza ngomphunga nezisebenza ngombane. UCarl Benz noGottlieb Daimler baseJamani baba ngabokuqala ukwenza iinqwelo-mafutha eYurophu. Ngowe-1885, uBenz wenza inqwelo-mafutha enamavili amathathu esebenzisa injini efana neyesithuthuthu ejikeleza izihlandlo ezingama-250 ngomzuzu. Ukususela ngowe-1872, uDaimler wayesenza iinjini ezisebenza ngepetroli. Ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi kamva, yena noWilhelm Maybach, benza injini enesantya esiphakamileyo enecarburetor eyenza ukuba ikwazi ukusebenzisa ipetroli.

Kungekudala uDaimler noMaybach benza injini ejikeleza izihlandlo ezingama-900 ngomzuzu. Kamva, benza eyesibini, bayifaka kwibhayisikile yaye yaqala ukusetyenziswa ngoNovemba 10, 1885. Ngowe-1926 uDaimler noBenz badibanisa iinkampani zabo baza bathengisa izithuthi zabo ngaphantsi kwegama elithi Mercedes-Benz.a Okubangela umdla kukuba, la madoda mabini akazange akhe adibane.

Ngowe-1890 amadoda amabini aseFransi—uEmile Levassor noRené Panhard—enza inqwelo-mafutha enamavili amane enenjini esembindini. Kunyaka olandelayo le njini bayifaka ngaphambili, apho yayiza kukhuseleka eluthulini nakudaka lweendlela zomhlaba.

Ukwenza Kube Lula Ukufumana Iinqwelo-mafutha

Iinqwelo-mafutha zokuqala zazibiza imali eninzi gqitha, ngoko abantu abaninzi babengakwazi ukuzifikelela. Kodwa izinto zaguquka ngowe-1908 xa uHenry Ford weza nendlela entsha yokudityaniswa kwenqwelo-mafutha iModel T, kusetyenziswa i-assembly-line. Ngenxa yoko, iimeko zaguquka kwishishini leenqwelo-mafutha. Yayibiza imali encinane, isetyenziswa kwizinto ezininzi yaye kwakulula ukuyinyamekela. Kwanabantu abamkela umvuzo ophantsi babekwazi ukuyithenga.b Ngokutsho kwencwadi ethi Great Cars of the 20th Century, iModel T “yanceda abantu baseMerika—ekugqibeleni nabantu abakuzo zonk’ iindawo—bakwazi ukuba nenqwelo-mafutha.”

Phantse kwinkulungwane emva koko, abantu abaninzi bayigqala inqwelo-mafutha njengento eyimfuneko kunokuba ibe yinto nje yobunewunewu. Enyanisweni, olunye uhlolisiso olwapapashwa kwiphephandaba laseLondon eliphuma yonk’ imihla i-Independent, lubonisa ukuba maxa wambi abantu bade basebenzise inqwelo-mafutha nokuba baza kuhamba umgama ongaphantsi kwekhilomitha.

Inkqubela kwezobugcisa ibangele ukuba iinqwelo-mafutha zibe nesantya esiphakamileyo yaye zikhuseleke ngakumbi. Enyanisweni, kwiminyaka yakutshanje liye lancipha inani labantu abafa kwiingozi zendlela kumazwe amaninzi. Abanye abantu bathenga iinqwelo-mafutha kuba zikhuselekile kunokuba betsalwa bubuhle bazo. Ngokomzekelo, inqwelo-mafutha yenziwe ngohlobo lokuba xa ibetheka, iintsimbi ezithile zayo zigobe zize ngaloo ndlela zikhusele umqhubi kunye nabo bakhweleyo. Iziqhoboshi ze-elektroniki zenza kube lula ukuqhuba inqwelo-mafutha kwindlela emtyibilizi. Amabhanti okhuseleko akhusela isifuba nenyonga, ukanti ii-air bags zikhusela intloko ukuba ingabetheki kwivili lokuqhuba okanye kumphambili wenqwelo-mafutha xa itshayisa.c

Kakade ke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuqhuba ngenyameko. IEl Economista yaseMexico City, ithi: “Akuloncedo ukwenza inqwelo-mafutha ikhuseleke ukuba umqhubi akananyameko; kwanezona zixhobo zokhuseleko azinakusisindisa xa siqhuba ngokungakhathali.”

Xa ukwezinye iinqwelo-mafutha zale mihla uba ngathi usendlwini. Ezinye iinqwelo-mafutha zine-CD player, umabonwakude, umnxeba namaqhosha okuvulela umculo nomoya ngemva nangaphambili. Kukho neenqwelo-mafutha ezisebenzisa isatellite ebonisa umqhubi indawo akuyo, yaye oko kumnceda akwazi ukuhamba ngokulula. Ezinye zichazela umqhubi ngeengxaki anokuhlangabezana nazo kwindlela ahamba ngayo. Kakade ke, kubantu abaninzi, ukuba nenqwelo-mafutha enobunewunewu bezi mini kubonisa ukuba umniniyo unemali—yaye nabantu abenza iinqwelo-mafutha nabazithengisayo bayayazi loo nto.

Njengoko sele sibonile, luninzi uphuculo olwenziwe kwiinqwelo-mafutha ukususela ekuqaliseni kokwenziwa kwazo kwisithuba esingaphezu kwenkulungwane eyadlulayo. Xa inqwelo-mafutha iqhutywa ngenyameko nangenkathalo inokuba yingenelo kwezoshishino yaye abantu banokukunandipha ukuhamba ngayo.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Isicangca/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 22-25]

Le minyaka iboniswe apha yiminyaka ezenziwa ngayo

IBenz Motor Car yowe-1885

Inqwelo-mafutha yokuqala ngqa

IRolls-Royce Silver Ghost yowe-1907-25

Inesantya, ayenzi ngxolo, itofotofo yaye ayisoze ikuphoxe

IFord Model T yowe-1908-27

Yabangela ukuba kuthengiswe iinqwelo-mafutha ezininzi; kwathengiswa iinqwelo-mafutha ezingaphezu kwe-15 000 000

Ngasemva: Indlela eyayisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa i-Ford ebizwa ngokuba yiproduction line

ICadillac V16 7.4-L yowe-1930-7

Inqwelo-mafutha yokuqala enenjini eyi-16-cylinder

IVolkswagen Beetle yowe-1939 neyanamhlanje

Kwenziwa ezingaphezu kwama-20 000 000. Ngowe-1998 kwenziwa iBeetle entsha (engezantsi ekhohlo)

IJeep yowe-1941 neyanamhlanje

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba le yeyona nqwelo-mafutha ithandwayo

IPorsche 356 yowe-1948-65

Esebenzisa indlela ekwenziwe ngayo iVolkswagen Beetle, uPorsche wenza eyakhe inqwelo-mafutha

IMercedes-Benz 300SL yowe-1952-7

Le nqwelo-mafutha ibizwa ngokuba yiGullwing, yaba yeyokuqala ukuba nespace frame nefuel-injection

ICitroën DS 19 yowe-1955-68

yayinevili lokuqhuba ekulula ukulisebenzisa, ineziqhoboshi, inegiyeri ezine neself-leveling suspension

IMini yowe-1959 neyanamhlanje

Le nqwelo-mafutha ithandwayo yayiphum’ emagqabini kugqatso lweenqwelo-mafutha

IFerrari 250 GTO yowe-1962-4

Inqwelo-mafutha eyi-V-12, esetyenziswa kakhulu kugqatso lweenqwelo-mafutha enama-224 eekilowatt

IDatsun 240Z yowe-1970-3

Inqwelo-mafutha engenakuze ikuphoxe nenexabiso elifikelelekayo

IRange Rover yowe-1970 neyanamhlanje

Igqalwa njengeyona ibalaseleyo kwiinqwelo-mafutha ezitsala ngamavili omane

IChrysler Minivan yowe-1984 neyanamhlanje

Yiyo eyabangela abantu bathi phithi ziiminivan

IThrust SSC

Ngo-Oktobha 15, 1997, xa yayinqumla kwintlango iBlack Rock, eNevada, eUnited States yabaleka ngesona santya siphezulu se-1228 km/h

[Inkcazelo]

Benz-Motorcar: DaimlerChrysler Classic; background: Brown Brothers; Model T: Courtesy of VIP Classics; Rolls-Royce: Photo courtesy of Rolls-Royce & Bentley Motor Cars

Jeep: Courtesy of DaimlerChrysler Corporation; black Beetle: Courtesy Vintage Motors of Sarasota; yellow Beetle: VW Volkswagen AG

Citroën: © CITROËN COMMUNICATION; Mercedes Benz: PRNewsFoto

Chrysler Minivan: Courtesy of DaimlerChrysler Corporation; Datsun: Nissan North America; Thrust SSC: AP Photo/Dusan Vranic