Iphulo Lokufuna Izicombululo Ezamkelekileyo

IINQWELO-MAFUTHA asizizo zodwa ezibangela ungcoliso. Amakhaya abantu, imizi-mveliso namaziko ombane nawo afanele abekw’ ityala. Sekunjalo, iinqwelo-mafutha zinendima enkulu gqitha ekubangeleni ungcoliso ehlabathini lonke.

Eneneni, incwadi ethi 5000 Days to Save the Planet ithi: “Ukuba bekunokunikelwa ingqalelo kuwo wonke lo monakalo—ngakumbi umonakalo obangelwa kukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide—ngoko iinqwelo-mafutha mhlawumbi ngezazingazange zenziwe.” Sekunjalo, iyavuma: “Kodwa olo lukhetho abemizi-mveliso, amashishini enza iindlela, amagosa karhulumente, enyanisweni nabantu nje abaqhelekileyo, ababomi babo buxhomekeke ngokwandayo kwizithuthi zabucala, abakulungeleyo ukuluhlolisisa.”

Ngaba ubugcisa obathabatha umntu bamsa enyangeni abunakukwazi ukuvelisa inqwelo-mafutha engangcolisiyo? Ukwenza akuzange kube lula njengokuthetha, ngoko de koyiswe imiqobo yokuvelisa inqwelo-mafutha engangcolisiyo, iphulo lokufuna ezinye izicombululo ezamkelekileyo lisaqhubeka.

Ukunciphisa Izinto Ezingcolisayo

Ngeyee-1960 elaseUnited States lawisa umthetho ogunyazisa ukulinganiselwa kweenqwelo-mafutha ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliso ezilukhuphayo. Amanye amazwe noorhulumente ebesoloko esenza okufanayo.

Izixhobo ezihluza umoya okhutshwa sisithuthi, ezifuna kusetyenziswe ipetroli engenalothe, sithetha nje zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuhluza ukungcola okuyingozi. Phakathi kowe-1976 nowe-1980, emva kokuba abaqhubi beenqwelo-mafutha abaninzi beye baqalisa ukusebenzisa ipetroli engenalothe, umlinganiselo welothe kwigazi labantu baseMerika wehla ngesinye kwisithathu. Kwakukuhle oko, ekubeni ilothe eninzi inokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwemithambo-luvo ize idodobalise namandla okufunda. Noko ke, kulusizi ukuthi ngoxa umlinganiselo welothe uye wehla kumazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili, akunjalo kumazwe asakhasayo.

Ukuphumelela kwezi zixhobo zokuhluza umoya okhutshwa sisithuthi kuyanelisa, kodwa iingxoxo zishushu mayela nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Ngenxa yokwehla kokusebenza kwazo kuba ilothe yayingasagalelwa, umxube wehydrocarbon yepetroli watshintshwa. Oku kuye kwandisa iicarcinogen ezikhutshwa ziinqwelo-mafutha, njengebhenzina netoluene, nto ezo ezikhupha ukungcola okungancitshiswa nazizixhobo ezihluza umoya okhutshwa sisithuthi.

Ngaphezu koko, ezi zixhobo zifuna kusetyenziswe isinyithi. Ngokutsho kukaNjingalwazi uIain Thornton, weImperial College eBritani, omnye umphumo wazo oyingozi ibe kukunyuka kwesinyithi esilahlelwa kuthuli olusecaleni kwendlela. Walumkisa ngokuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba “iintlobo ezithile zesinyithi esinyibilikayo zingene ekutyeni.”

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo “yezixhobo ezihluza umoya okhutshwa sisithuthi kuMntla Merika, eJapan, kuMzantsi Korea nakwamanye amazwe aliqela aseYurophu,” incwadi ethi 5000 Days to Save the Planet ivuma ngeliphandle ukuba, “ukwanda kakhulu kwenani leenqwelo-mafutha ehlabathini lonke kuye kwaziphelisa tu iingenelo zokufumana umoya ococekileyo.”

Ukuthoba Isantya

Enye indlela yokunciphisa ukungcola okubangelwa ziinqwelo-mafutha kukuqhuba kancinane. Kodwa eUnited States, amazwana athile kutshanje aye awunyusa umlinganiselo wesantya. EJamani ukumiselwa kwemiqathango yesantya akuthandwa. Abenzi beenqwelo-mafutha abagxininise kubuchule bokwenza iinqwelo-mafutha ezomeleleyo ekulula ukuba zihambe ngesantya esingaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-150 ngeyure abakuthandi, njengoko benjalo abaqhubi abaninzi. Noko ke, sithetha nje kuyabonakala ukuba abantu abangakumbi baseJamani bakulungele ukwamkela ukumiselwa imiqathango kwesantya kungekuphela nje ngezizathu zemekobume kodwa kwakhona ngenxa yokhuseleko.

Kwamanye amazwe abaqhubi kufuneka bathobe isantya xa ukungcola kuye kwafikelela umlinganiselo ongamkelekanga—okanye mhlawumbi bayeke ngokupheleleyo ukuqhuba. Uhlolisiso lowe-1995 lwatyhila ukuba ama-80 ekhulwini abantu baseJamani banokuvumelana nokumiselwa umda kwesantya ukuba umlinganiselo weozone unyuke kakhulu. Ehlabathini lonke izixeko ezininzi, eziquka iAthens neRome, ziye zathabatha amanyathelo athintela ukuqhuba phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Nezinye zicinga ukwenza okufanayo.

Ukusebenzisa Iibhayisikile

Ukunciphisa izithuthi ezisendleleni, ezinye izixeko ziye zavelisa amaxabiso akhethekileyo okuhamba ngoduladula. Ezinye zinelungiselelo loduladula okhwelisa abaqhubi simahla abahlawula imalana encinane ngokumisa iinqwelo-mafutha zabo kwiindawo zokumisa ezikhoyo. Ezinye izixeko ziye zaneendledlana ezibekelwe ooduladula neeteksi ukuze kukhawuleziswe olu hlobo lwezothutho.

Indlela entsha yokulwa le ngxaki kutshanje iye yakhutshwa kwiThe European: “Bephenjelelwa liphulo laseNetherlands ngasekupheleni kweyee-1960, abantu baseDenmark abanobuchule baye beza necebo lokunciphisa ukungcoliswa komoya nokuxinana kwezithuthi ngokukhuthaza abantu ukuba basebenzise iibhayisikile kunokuba basebenzise iinqwelo-mafutha.” Iibhayisikile zibekwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuzo zonke izitrato zaseCopenhagen. Ukufaka imali eziinkozo kwisixhobo esithile kukhulula ibhayisikile ukuze isetyenziswe. Loo diphozithi inokuphinda ifumaneke xa ibhayisikile ibuyiselwa kwindawo efanelekileyo. Enoba eli cebo liya kusebenza lize lamkelwe kuya kubonakala ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweebhayisikile endaweni yeenqwelo-mafutha, ezinye izixeko zaseJamani zivumela abakhweli beebhayisikile ukuba bangaya nakweliphi icala kwiindlela zezithuthi eziya calanye! Ekubeni ubukhulu becala ukuya kwiindawo ezisezixekweni nezisezilalini kuziikhilomitha ezintathu, abemi abaninzi kungalula ukuba bahambe ngeenyawo okanye ngeebhayisikile xa besiya kwiindawo ezininzi. Oku kunokunceda ekunciphiseni ungcoliso; kwangaxeshanye, abo benza oko baya kukwazi ukwenza umthambo ofunekayo.

Ukuziyila Ngokutsha

Kumiwe bume kuyilwa iinqwelo-mafutha ezingangcolisiyo. Kuye kwaveliswa iinqwelo-mafutha zombane ezisebenza ngebhetri, kodwa isantya sazo sisikelwe umda. Zikwanjalo neenqwelo-mafutha ezisebenzisa amandla elanga.

Enye into enokwenzeka kukusebenzisa ihydrogen. Ihydrogen phantse itsha ngaphandle kokukhupha izinto ezingcolisayo, kodwa ixabiso layo alikuvumeli oko.

Umongameli waseUnited States uClinton wayeyiqonda imfuneko yokuba kuyilwe ngokutsha izithuthi, xa ngowe-1993 wenza isaziso sokuba urhulumente neshishini lezithuthi laseUnited States baya kusebenzisana ekuyileni inqwelo-mafutha yexesha elizayo. Wathi: “Siza kuzama ukwenza into yobugcisa entsonkothe ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into eyakha yazanywa ukwenziwa lilizwe lethu.” Akukaqinisekwa enoba kunokwenzeka “ukwenza inqwelo-mafutha yenkulungwane yama-21 efaneleke ngokugqibeleleyo nengenabungozi kwindalo,” nto leyo wayethetha ngayo. Baceba ukuvelisa olu hlobo lwesithuthi kwithuba leshumi leminyaka—phofu ke, ngexabiso elikhulu gqitha.

Abanye abenzi beenqwelo-mafutha benza uhlobo olusebenza ngepetroli nombane. EJamani sele kukho—ngexabiso eliphakamileyo—inqwelo-mafutha yombane eyenziwe yanesantya esiphakamileyo enokukwazi ukukhawuleza ngemizuzwana nje esithoba isuka kwindawo ebime kuyo ihambe ngesantya esiziikhilomitha ezili-100 ngeyure, ize ifikelele isantya esiphezulu esili-180. Kodwa emva kweekhilomitha ezingama-200, iyema de iibhetri zayo ziphinde zihlaziywe ubuncinane kangangeeyure ezintathu. Uphando lusaqhubeka, ibe kulindeleke inkqubela engakumbi.

Asikokuphela Kwengxaki

Ukuphelisa ungcoliso asikokuphela kwengxaki. Kwakhona iinqwelo-mafutha ziyangxola, nto leyo eyaziwa kakuhle nguye nabani ohlala ecaleni kwendlela ephithizelayo. Ekubeni ingxolo engapheliyo ebangelwa zizithuthi inokonakalisa impilo, nale yinxalenye esisiseko yengxaki efuna ukuconjululwa.

Kwakhona abo bathanda indalo bathi ubuhle bemvelo kwiindawo ezininzi zasemaphandleni bonakaliswe ngoohola bendlela abakhulu abaziikhilomitha, kunye neendawo zamashishini ezingabukekiyo neebhodi zezibhengezo ezisenokuba zisecaleni kwabo. Kodwa njengoko inani leenqwelo-mafutha lisanda, kufuneka neendlela ezingakumbi.

Ezinye izithuthi, emva kweminyaka yokungcolisa ngoxa bezisetyenziswa ngabaninizo, ziyaqhubeka zingcolisa “kwanasemva kokufa kwazo.” Ezilahliweyo, zikhangeleka kakubi, ziye zayingxaki kangangokuba kwezinye iindawo kuwiswe umthetho owalela ukufunjwa kwazo ngokungafanelekanga kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Ngaba isithuthi esigqibeleleyo, esenziwe ngezinto ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, sinokuze senziwe? Isithuthi esinjalo asikabonakali nangetshengele.

“Abantu abaninzi baseJamani bayixhalabele kakhulu imekobume,” litsho njalo iphephandaba lakutshanje, lihlabela mgama lisithi, “kodwa bambalwa abakubonisa ngezenzo oko.” Elinye igosa laseburhulumenteni lacatshulwa lisithi: “Akakho ozicingela njengonetyala, kungekho nabani na ofuna ukubekw’ ityala.” Ewe, kunzima ukucombulula iingxaki kwihlabathi elinabantu “abazithandayo” yaye “abangayifuni kwaphela imvisiswano.”—2 Timoti 3:1-3.

Sekunjalo, iphulo lokufuna izicombululo ezamkelekileyo lisaqhubeka. Ngaba isicombululo esigqibeleleyo ngongcoliso nangezithuthi sinokuze sifumaneke?

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 21]

Ngaba ungcoliso lunokuncitshiswa ngokusebenzisa kwethu izithuthi zikawonke-wonke, ukusebenzisa inqwelo-mafutha ngokwamaqela, okanye ngokukhwela ibhayisikile?