Umlando Omangalisayo “Wezwe Elinezinto Ezinhlobonhlobo”

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EBRAZIL

IYE yabizwa ngokuthi “izwe lezinto ezinhlobonhlolo”—kube kufanele. Nakuba iBrazil ngokuyinhloko iyizwe elishisayo, isimo sayo sezulu siyashintshashintsha kusukela kwesishisayo ngaseningizimu kuya kwesivutha bhé ngasesifundeni sase-Amazon. Umlando weBrazil uhlukahlukene nawo. Phakathi neminyaka, leli zwe elikhulu—elihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-8 511 999, nogu olungamakhilomitha angu-7 400—selihlala abantu abanamasiko ahlukahlukene.

Umoya wokungenisa izihambi wawungenye yezimfanelo ezihamba phambili amaPutukezi aziphawula lapho efika eBrazil eminyakeni engu-500 edlule. Yebo, lapho ebhalela inkosi yamaPutukezi uManuel I ngonyaka ka-1500, uPero Vaz de Caminha wachaza ukuthi abantu abangumnsinsi wokuzimilela eBrazil babezihlanganisa ngokukhululekile nezivakashi ezingamaPutukezi futhi bazange. Kodwa amaPutukezi ayeyofunani eBrazil?

Ngo-March 9, 1500, uPedro Álvares Cabral wasuka ePortugal neviyo lemikhumbi. Inhloso yakhe kwakuwukuyofuna isikhungo sokuhweba eCalicut, eNdiya. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba afike lapho ayeya khona, uCabral wafikela ogwini lwalokho manje okubizwa ngokuthi isifundazwe saseBahia, eBrazil. Kwakungu-April 23, 1500.

Abanye abacwaningi bathi amaPutukezi ayevele azi ukuthi kukhona iBrazil futhi ukuma kukaCabral lapho kwakungeyona into eyayimane yaziqondanela nje.a Kunoma yikuphi, kubonakala sengathi ukuphela kwento iBrazil eyayinayo kwakuyi-brazilwood, isihlahla esaziwa ngodayi waso obomvu klebhu. Nakuba kwakusobala ukuthi singasetshenziswa, izinongo zaseNdiya zazinenzuzo kakhulu.

Ngakho-ke iminyaka eyishumi elasePortugal laqashisa iBrazil kuyiFernando de Noronha yasePortugal, eyaqoqa i-brazilwood futhi yakhokha intela ebuKhosini bamaPutukezi. Kodwa amanye amazwe aseYurophu nawo ayefuna ukuthuthukisa ukuhwebelana kwawo neNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe, futhi iNoronha yayingenamandla okuvimba ukuhwebelana okungemthetho okwakukhula phakathi kwamatilosi angamaFulentshi, angamaNgisi nawaseSpain. Esaba ukuthi angase alahlekelwe iBrazil, amaPutukezi ayenza ikoloni ngo-1532. Ukukhiqizwa kukashukela kwaba ibhizinisi lokuqala elingenisa izindodla zemali eBrazil.

Izimayini zegolide nezedayimane zaba amabhizinisi achumayo phakathi nekhulu le-18 leminyaka. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ukukhiqizwa kwe-latex esihlahleni senjoloba kwase kuwumsebenzi obalulekile kwezomnotho endaweni yase-Amazon.b Kamuva ukutshalwa kwekhofi kwabamba iqhaza elithile ekwenzeni iBrazil ibe idolobha, ekuxhaseni ukwakhiwa kojantshi nasekuthuthukisweni kwetheku laseSantos nelaseRio de Janeiro. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ingxenye yekhofi lomhlaba yayivunwa eBrazil futhi iSão Paulo yayiyisikhungo sezomnotho esiyinhloko saseBrazil.

Ngokudabukisayo, ubugqila baba nengxenye ethile emlandweni weBrazil. Ekuqaleni, izakhamuzi ezingamaPutukezi zazisebenzisa amaNdiya ekugawuleni nasekuthutheni i-brazilwood. Kamuva, amaNdiya asetshenziswa emasimini kamoba. Ngokudabukisayo inani elikhulu lawo langenwa yizifo zaseYurophu futhi lafa. Ukuze athole izisebenzi ezizongena esikhundleni salezi, amaPutukezi aletha izigqila ezivela e-Afrika.

Phakathi neminyaka ethile izigidi zabaNsundu zazilethwa eBrazil njengezigqila, futhi zazifika namasiko azo nendlela yazo. Lelo thonya lingabonakala emculweni odumile njenge-samba kanye ne-capoeira (indlela yokulwa) nasekudleni okunjenge-feijoada, eyenziwa ngobhontshisi omnyama ophekwe nenyama yengulube, amasosishi nomqwayiba. Ekugcineni, ngo-1888, ubugqila baqedwa eBrazil. Abantu abangaba ngu-750 000—abaningi babo ababesebenza ezimobeni—bakhululwa.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-19 kuqhubeke, izigidi zabantu bakwamanye amazwe zathutheleka eBrazil, kuhlanganise namaNtaliyane, amaJalimane, amaJapane, abasePoland nabaseSpain nabavela eSwitzerland namaSiriya aseLebanon. IBrazil iyindawo enhle ongahlala kuyo. Kunezilwane nezitshalo eziningi. Ngokuvamile, iBrazil ayinazo izinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo. Azikho izimpi, ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, izivunguvungu noma ukuphakama kwamagagasi ogwini. Pho kungani ungazami ukuyazi kangcono iBrazil ngokuvakashela ezinye zezindawo zayo eziyimibukwane? Uyojabulela umoya wokungenisa izihambi nobuhle bemvelo obakhanga amaPutukezi eminyakeni engu-500 edlule.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibalazwe/Izithombe ekhasini 16, 17]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

AMAZON REGION

BAHIA STATE

Brasília

Rio de Janeiro

São Paulo

Santos

Iguaçú Falls

[Izithombe]

1. UPedro Álvares Cabral

2. ISivumelwano SaseTordesillas, ngo-1494

3. Abathwali bekhofi

4. I-Iguaçú Falls, uma uyibuka ungaseBrazil

5. INdiya lase-Ipixuna

[Imithombo]

Culver Pictures

Courtesy of Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla, Spain

From the book Brazil and the Brazilians, 1857

FOTO: MOURA

[Izithombe ekhasini 18]

1. Ama-“puma” maningi eBrazil

2. Ama-“orchid” ehlathini lase-Amazon

3. Imvunulo yaseSalvador, eBahia

4. I-“macaw”

5. IBhishi Lase-Copacabana, eRio de Janeiro. IBrazil inogu oluhle oluyindawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-7 000

[Umthombo]

Courtesy São Paulo Zoo

[Isithombe ekhasini 19]

IBrasília—inhloko-dolobha yaseBrazil kusukela ngo-1960

[Isithombe ekhasini 19]

ISão Paulo—isikhungo sezomnotho saseBrazil

[Umthombo]

FOTO: MOURA

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 16]

© 1996 Visual Language