Ingozi Yokuhlala Eduze Kwentaba-mlilo Ethule

Izintaba-mlilo bezilokhu ziyimfihlakalo. Zingathula amakhulu eminyaka, bese zivuka ngokushesha ngendlela emangalisayo futhi ebulalayo. Ngemizuzwana nje ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kungenza incithakalo ezweni kubulale nabantu.

AKEKHO ophikayo ukuthi izintaba-mlilo ziyingozi. Sezibulale amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu phakathi namakhulu amathathu eminyaka adlule. Kuyiqiniso, iningi lethu lihlala ezindaweni eziqhele ngokwanele kulezi zintaba-mlilo, kodwa izigidi zabantu emhlabeni zihlala eduze nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, inhloko-dolobha yase-Ecuador, iQuito, iseduze nePichincha, intaba-mlilo esenyakatho-ntshonalanga nedolobha. INtaba iPopocatepetl, igama layo elisho “Intaba Eshunqayo” ngolimi lwesi-Aztec, iqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-60 ukusuka eMexico City. Amadolobha amakhulu aseNew Zealand, i-Auckland, nelase-Italy, iNaples, angaphansi kwezintaba-mlilo. Ngakho, kunezigidi zabantu abahlala engcupheni yokuthi amandla angaphansi omhlaba angazamazama ngamandla, avuse izintaba-mlilo ezithule.

Intaba-mlilo Eyingozi

Izakhamuzi zaseNaples bezilokhu zihlala eduze kweNtaba iVesuvius cishe iminyaka engu-3 000. Le ntaba iqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-11 kuphela ukusuka eNaples. Empeleni iyigquma elingaphakathi komlomo wentaba-mlilo yakudala iMonte Somma. IVesuvius ibalwa kanye nezintaba-mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Njengoba isisekelo sayo singaphansi kogu lolwandle, le ntaba inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela ebonakala ngayo.

INtaba iVesuvius inomlando omude wokuqhuma. Isike yaqhuma izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-50 kusukela ngenkathi edumile eyaqhuma ngayo ngo-79 C.E., lapho yabhubhisa khona idolobha lasePompeii nelaseHerculaneum. Kwafa abantu abangaba ngu-4 000 phakathi nokuqhuma kwayo okubhubhisayo ngo-1631.

Kuwo wonke la makhulu eminyaka iVesuvius ibilokhu iqhubeka ibila. Yaqhuma ngo-1944 phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, yathela uMbimbi lwamasosha ngamafu omlotha. Amadolobha aseduze aseMassa naseSan Sebastiano ambozwa umlotha, ngokufanayo nezimotshwana zasentabeni ezihamba ngentambo ezaduma engomeni yesiNtaliyane ethi “Funiculì, Funiculà.”

Namuhla, abantu baseNaples babonakala beziphilela nje futhi kusengathi bakhohliwe yingozi eseduze kwabo. Izivakashi ziyamangala lapho zibona lezi zindawo zomlando ezinemiklamo yobuciko. Izitolo nezindawo zokudla ziyaphithizela, futhi nezikebhe eziningi ziyahamba eChwebeni laseNaples. IVesuvius ngokwayo isaqhubeka ithandwa kakhulu futhi ibhekwa njengendawo enhle hhayi eyingozi.

I-Auckland—Idolobha Lezintaba-mlilo

Idolobha eliyichweba lase-Auckland, eNew Zealand, ligcwele izintaba-mlilo. Empeleni, abantu abahlala kulo abangaphezu kwesigidi bahlala phakathi kwezintaba-mlilo ezincane ezingu-48. Izigodi zakudala ezinezintaba-mlilo zakha amachweba amabili, lapho kuneziqhingi ezabangelwa ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo. Isiqhingi esibonakala kakhulu iRangitoto esesineminyaka engu-600 sikhona, esiphakeme emanzini ngendlela efanayo neVesuvius. Ngesikhathi kwakheka lesi siqhingi idolobhana elaliseduze lamaMaori lagqitshwa umlotha.

Abantu base-Auckland baye bafunda ukuphila nezintaba-mlilo zezwe lakubo. Intaba-mlilo ebizwa ngokuthi iMaungakiekie namuhla iyipaki lomphakathi nepulazi lezimvu futhi isenkabeni ye-Auckland. Ezinye izintaba-mlilo manje sezingamachibi, amapaki, noma izinkundla zezemidlalo. Enye isiyindawo yamangcwaba. Abantu abaningi bakhetha ukwakha emithambekeni yezintaba-mlilo ukuze babone kahle yonke indawo engezansi.

Lapho amaMaori eqala ukufika endaweni yase-Auckland, futhi kamuva elandelwa abantu baseYurophu eminyakeni engu-180 edlule, kubonakala sengathi wawungacatshangwa ngisho nokucatshangwa umlando wayo wokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo. Kunalokho, babona ukuthi le ndawo iyatholakala futhi iseduze nolwandle—nokuthi ivundile. Inhlabathi yezintaba-mlilo ivundile nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Indonesia, ezinye zezindawo ezingcono kakhulu zokutshala irayisi ziseduze nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo. Izindawo zokulima ezinhle kakhulu entshonalanga ye-United States zinomhlabathi omningi wezintaba-mlilo. Uma izimo zizinhle, indawo egqitshwe umlotha wentaba-mlilo ingamila uhlaza kungakapheli nonyaka ngemva kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.

Isimiso Sokuxwayisa Kusengaphambili

Abaningi bangase babuze, ‘Akuyona yini ingozi uhlala eduze kwentaba-mlilo?’ Yiqiniso, kuyingozi. Kodwa ososayensi bayakwazi ukuqaphelisisa ukuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States Geological Survey ihlala iziqaphile izintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo emhlabeni wonke—kuhlanganise nalezo eziseNaples nase-Auckland, lapho kunezinhlelo zalokho okufanele kwenziwe uma kwenzeka ziqhuma. Besebenzisa iziphuphutheki ezisebenza amahora angu-24 ze-Global Positioning System nezimiso zama-seismometer, ososayensi bayakwazi ukubona ukunyakaza kwamatshe angaphansi komhlaba ngaphambi kokuba intaba iqhume.

IVesuvius ihlale ingaphansi kweso elibukhali. Ukuze zingaphazami nakancane, iziphathimandla zase-Italy zenze izinhlelo zezinyathelo okufanele zithathwe ezimweni eziphuthumayo uma kwenzeka ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okufana nokwango-1631. Izazi zithi labo abahlala ezindaweni eziyingozi bangaxwayiswa futhi bakhishwe kule ndawo ngaphambi kokuba iqhume.

I-Auckland isendaweni ososayensi abayibiza ngokuthi i-monogenetic volcanic field. Lokhu kusho ukuthi esikhundleni sokuba le ntaba-mlilo ivuke futhi iqhume, kungakheka enye kwenye indawo. Izazi zithi lokhu kungenzeka nje kuphela ngemva kwenkathi yokuzamazama komhlaba okuthatha izinsuku eziningana noma amasonto. Lezi zixwayiso ezikhishwa kusenesikhathi zinganika abantu isikhathi sokubalekela ezindaweni eziphephile.

Ukuqapha Izingozi

Nakuba ukuqapha izintaba-mlilo kuwumsebenzi obalulekile, akusho lutho uma zingalalelwa izixwayiso ezikhishwayo. Ngo-1985 iziphathimandla zase-Armero, eColombia, zaxwayiswa ngokuqhuma okwakuzokwenzeka kwentaba-mlilo iNevado del Ruiz. Nakuba le ntaba yayizamazama ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-50, inikeza isixwayiso esicacile, abantu bakuleli dolobha batshelwa ukuba bangethuki. Kwafa abantu abangaphezu kuka-21 000 obishini lodaka olwemboza idolobha.

Nakuba zingavamile izinhlekelele ezifana nale, izikhathi ezizolile phakathi nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo ziye zasetshenziselwa ucwaningo nokuzilungiselela. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukuhlela okufanele, nokufundiswa komphakathi kungasiza ekunciphiseni izingozi abantu abahlala ngaphansi kwezintaba-mlilo ezithule ababhekene nazo.

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ZILUNGISELELE!

Ingabe uyilungele inhlekelele engokwemvelo? Zazi izingozi ezikhona endaweni yakini. Hlelani kusengaphambili indawo eniyohlangana kuyo uma kwenzeka amalungu omkhaya ehlukana nokuthi niyotshela bani ukuthi nikuphi. Gcinani izinto zesimo esiphuthumayo ziseduze, kuhlanganise ukudla namanzi, ibhokisi losizo lokuqala, izingubo, o-ova, amathoshi angangenwa manzi namabhethri aseceleni. Yibani nalezi zinto ezanele eningakwazi ukuphila ngazo izinsuku eziningana.

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Izivakashi zihamba eduze komgodi wentaba-mlilo iVesuvius

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©Danilo Donadoni/Marka/age fotostock

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INaples, e-Italy, iphambi kweNtaba iVesuvius

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© Tom Pfeiffer

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Umfanekiso womdwebi wokuqhuma okukhulu kwentaba-mlilo kwango-79 C.E., okwabhubhisa idolobha lasePompeii nelaseHerculaneum

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© North Wind Picture Archives

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IRangitoto, enye yezintaba-mlilo eziningi eziyiziqhingi e-Auckland

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Ngaphezulu nangakwesokudla: INtaba iPopocatepetl, eMexico

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AFP/Getty Images

Jorge Silva/AFP/Getty Images

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USGS, Cascades Volcano Observatory