Ubuphekula—Yini Ebubangelayo Futhi Ngani?

“ELONDON, ngoApril 17—Namuhla ukudubula kwesibhamu esinguntuluntulu okuvela endaweni yeNxusa laseLibya kuthele ngethala lezinhlamvu isixuku sabantu phakathi nokubhikisha ngokumelene noHulumeni kaMuammar el-Qaddafi, okubulale iphoyisa futhi kwalimaza abantu abayi-10.”—The New York Times.

“Abadubuli abebemi obala efasiteleni elivuliwe bebedubula, behlakaza ababhikishi ngesibhamu esizishintshayo . . . Iphoyisa lesifazane ebelingahlomile lidutshulwe emhlane. . . . Ezinsukwini eziyishumi ngemva kwalesehlakalo sobuqaba, uhulumeni waseBrithani weqisa ngokuphepha ababulali, kanye nezikhali zabo zokubulala.”—Terrorism—How the West Can Win.

Njengezisebenzi zenxusa, ababulali bakhululwa ngokuthi basebenzela ubudlelwane bamazwe.

KUNGANI abantu namaqembu bephendukela ebuphekuleni? Obani ngokuyinhloko abayizisulu? Bufezani ubuphekula?

Omunye umbono uwukuthi ubuphekula buwuphawu olungabonisa izinhlobonhlobo zokwahlulela ngokungalungi kobuzwe, ezenhlalo, kanye nezombangazwe. Umpristi engumKatolika noyisazi sezenkolo uJames T. Burtchaell wathi: “Obunye ubuphekula benziwa yidlanzana lesizwe noma lenkolo (futhi ngokuvamile ngenxa yenzuzo) elifuna ukuzibusa: AmaBasques eSpain, amaKatolika eUlster, amaHuks ePhilippines. . . . Obunye benziwa ohulumeni abasongelwa ukuphikisa kweningi . . . Obunye benziwa yidlanzana lesizwe elifuna ukulawula uhulumeni.”

Kodwa ingabe kumane nje kungamaqembu amancane aphendukela ebuphekuleni? UBurtchaell uyaqhubeka: “Obunye ubuphekula bugqugquzelwa ohulumeni ukuze badumaze, bakhinyabeze, futhi bagudluze uhulumeni wesinye isizwe, esingabambisene nabo.”—Fighting Back.

Ngokwabanye abahlaziyi, izisusa ezibangela ubuphekula zingachazwa ngezindlela ezingafani, kuxhomeke emizwelweni yengqapheli engokombangazwe. Abanye bathi lapho kunokwahlulela ngokungalungi futhi abantu bengakwazi ukuziphindisela ngokomthetho, okuwukuphela kwekhambi labo kuba ubuphekula. Abanye bathi ubuphekula bulwisana nemibuso yentando yeningi yaseNtshonalanga, ekhuthazwa futhi isetshenziswe eminye imibuso engokombangazwe emelene nayo. Ake sihlole amanye amaqiniso nemibono ngalempicabadala.

Kungani Kunobuphekula ENyakatho Ireland?

Ngokwababhali beNorthern Ireland—The Divided Province, amaprothestani aseBrithani, amaningi avela eScotland, ahlanganiswa namaKatolika aseIreland eminyakeni engaphezu kwama-350 edlule, okwabangela ukungqubuzana kwamasiko futhi kamuva kwaholela ekuncintisaneni ngemisebenzi. Leyoncwadi ithi: “Amaningi amaprothestani aseNyakatho Ireland afika phakathi nekhulu le-17 enqubweni eyaqala ngo-1607 futhi eyaziwa ngokuthi ‘iplantation’ yaseUlster. Ekugcineni yamisa umbuso wamaNgisi oqinile kuso sonke isiqhingi saselreland.” Lombuso wamaNgisi uye waba yisisekelo sonya nobudlova emakhulwini eminyaka.

I-Irish Free State yamaKatolika (Eire) asungulwa ngo-1921, futhi izifunda eziyisithupha ngokuyinhloko ezingezamaKatolika ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga zashiywa njengezizimele, zakha iNyakatho Ireland. Ngokombono wesizwe saseIreland, lesenzo sahlukanisa i-Ireland. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, i-IRA (Irish Republican Army) engekho emthethweni ibilokhu ilwa nokuba i-Ireland ihlanganiswe—okuyinto amaprothestani ayiphikisa ngokunamandla. Ngani? Ngoba ayenqaba ukuba ngaphansi kwalokho akubheka ‘njengombuso WamaKatolika WobuPapa’ eDublin.

Umbono wamaProthestani ufingqwa ngamazwi akuThe New York Times ngokuphathalene nokuvota kwamuva eIreland ukuze kulondolozwe ukwenqatshelwa kwedivosi, okwasekwa ayi-3 kwayi-2: “Izazi zezombangazwe zaseNyakatho Ireland ezimelene nanoma ibuphi ubudlelwane nerepublic zaziphakathi kwabokuqala abagxeka ukuvota njengendlela ‘yokucindezela’ kweSonto lamaRoma Katolika iRepublic yaselreland.”

I-IRA manje ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili—izisebenzi zikahulumeni kanye namaProvisionals (iQembu Lamabutho aseIreland [Provos]). Ngokukaprofesa wezomlando uThomas E. Hachey, “iziphathimandla zeIRA ziphathiswe zonke izifundazwe ezingamashumi amathathu nambili zalo lonke elaseIreland, eziyirepublic yesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. . . . AmaProvos amelela ikhambi elibumbene kanye nomthetho-sisekelo obumbene waseIreland.” (The Rationalization of Terrorism) Indlela leliqembu lamuva elizizwa ngayo ngezinhloso zalo yaboniswa ngo-1984 lapho amaProvos eshiya ibhomu elicushiwe ehhotela laseBrighton, elacishe labulala uNdunankulu waseBrithani uThatcher kanye nomkhandlu wakhe.

Naphezu kwezici ezingokwenkolo, ezingokombangazwe, nezingokokuziphatha, kusenemibuzo esalayo: Ingabe zikhona ezinye izisusa ezijulile zobuphekula? Imibuso emikhulu ihileleke ngezinga elingakanani?

Izisusa Zobuphekula

Amaqembu amaningi amaphekula ama-Arabhu athethelela izenzo zawo ngokukhomba isimo esibucayi sababaleki basePalestina abalahlekelwa izwe labo, iPalestina, lapho kumiswa isizwe sakwaIsrayeli ngo-1948. Emashumini eminyaka adlule, imizwelo iye yaba ngenamandla kakhulu kangangokuba manje inhloso yamaphekula angama-Arabhu ayikhona nje ukuthola isifunda esizimele kodwa ukwenza okuthile okubuhlungu kakhulu kumaJuda—ukuqothulwa kukaIsrayeli. Kwaziwa kanjani lokhu?

Ingcaphuno elandelayo ithathwe “Encwadini Engesiyo Imfihlo” yeHizballah (“Iqembu LikaNkulunkulu”), iqembu lama-Shi‘ite elisebenza eMpumalanga ePhakathi.

“Amadodana ethu manje asesimweni sokugadla kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili kulezozitha [i-Israyeli, iUnited States, iFrance, kanye nePhalange (iLebanese)] kuze kube yilapho sekufinyelelwe lezinhloso ezilandelayo:

“Ukuphuma kukaIsrayeli ngokuphelele eLebanon njengesandulela sokuqothulwa kwakhe ngokuphelele kanye nokukhululwa kweJerusalema elinesithunzi ekubeni amanxiwa.”—Hydra of Carnage.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izenzo eziningi zamaphekula ziye zenziwa “abafel’ ukholo” bethonywa uAyatollah Khomeini waseIran nefilosofi yakhe, ebekwe ngalamazwi acashunwe encwadini iSacred Rage: “Ohulumeni bomhlaba kumelwe bazi ukuthi ubuIslam abusoze banqotshwa. UbuIslam buyonqoba kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba, futhi ubuIslam nezimfundiso zeKoran kuyonqoba kuwo wonke umhlaba.”

Lomqondo uholela kwesinye isiphetho sakhe: “Khona-ke, empeleni, ayikho enye indlela ngaphandle kokubhubhisa lezozimiso zikahulumeni ezonakele zona ngokwazo . . . nokugumbuqela yonke imibuso ekhohlisayo, eyonakele, ecindezelayo nenobugebengu. Lona umsebenzi okumelwe ufezwe yiwo wonke amaMuslim.”

Isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni esikhuthaza ukuvukela umbuso nokugumbuqelwa kwesimiso sokuzisebenzela kungamandla ashukumisa amanye amaphekula. Encwadini yakhe iThe Ultimate Weapon—Terrorists and World Order umbhali uJan Schreiber uthi: “Ngokuvamile amandla okuxhaphaza alinganiswa nesimiso sokuzisebenzela, futhi isimiso sokuzisebenzela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sithonywe isimiso sentando yeningi noma cha, silinganiswa nobushiqela.” Kunjengoba umsekeli wobuphekula ongumJapane asho: “Asisoze sisamukele kulelizwe isici esibangelwa isimiso sokuzisebenzela, sabantu abaxhaphaza abanye abantu. Futhi lokhu kuyisisusa sethu sokuzimisela ukulwa.”

Nokho, abanye ubuphekula babubheka ngombono owehlukile. Inxusa elingumIsrayeli uBenjamin Netanyahu liyabhala: “Ubuphekula abuwona umphumela ezenzekelayo wokuthile. Buwukukhetha, ukukhetha okubi.” Uyachaza: “Ubuphekula abubangelwa ngokuyinhloko izikhalo kodwa isimo sengqondo ngobudlova obungalawuleki. Umkhondo wabo ungatholwa embonweni wezwe ogomela ngokuthi eminye imigomo yokucabanga kwabantu nengokwenkolo ivumela, futhi eqinisweni ifune ukuchithwa kwayo yonke imingcele yokuziphatha.”—Terrorism—How the West Can Win.

Kodwa kungani umphakathi wethu wanamuhla uye waba isisulu sobuphekula ngokungazelele?

Umphakathi Osengozini

UNeil Livingstone, isazi sezobuphekula eU.S., uyabhala: “Njengoba izwe lethu lagcwala amadolobhana kulo futhi lacinana, nathi ngokufanayo siye saba sengozini ngokwengeziwe yamasu amaqembu amancane, noma ngisho nabantu abangabodwa, abathambekele ekulimazeni iningi noma ekulethweseni okuthandwa yilo.” Kungani umphakathi wethu usengozini kangaka ngezenzo zobuphekula? “Amanzi ethu alinganiselwe asekela ukuphila, amandla, izinto zokuhamba, izindlela zokukhulumisana, nezempilo kuxhomeke ebubeleni bamaphekula anolwazi nalabo abacekela phansi.”—Hydra of Carnage.

Ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kwezimiso ezisekela ukuphila kwethu, iphekula elilodwa lingabonisa amandla ebutho lezikhathi zasendulo. ULivingstone uyanezela: “Ngenxa yentuthuko yezemisebenzi . . . umuntu oyedwa angasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obungabulala abantu abaningi kunanini ngaphambili. Umuntu oyedwa enkathini yobuchwepheshe bezemisebenzi ngokwesilinganiso ulingana nebutho [esikhathini sasendulo] lapho izikhali zempi ezazisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko kwakuyinkemba, iklwa, nomkhonto. Lesi esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ezibangela ukuba amaphekula alisongele kangaka izwe lethu lanamuhla.”

Ukusakazwa kwezindaba zezehlakalo ngokushesha kungesinye sezici ezibangela ukuba umphakathi wethu wanamuhla ungavikeleki. Ithelevishini yandisa ngokuphindiwe amandla obuphekula. Iphekula lifuna ukwaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngesenzo salo—futhi ngosizo lwezintatheli, liyakuthola lokho!

Cishe ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, kwakuthatha izinsuku eziningi ngezindaba ukuba zifinyelele emhlabeni wonke. Manje izindaba zisakazeka ngokuphazima kweso. Kwezinye izimo iphekula lingazibona ngokoqobo kuTV lenza isenzo salo. Ngokuvamile liyazi ukuthi kwenzekani ngakolunye uhlangothi lapho lona liqhubeka nokuhlela amacebo alo ngomshoshaphansi. UJan Schreiber uqhubeka esho nokuthi “ugqozi lokufuna ukuqapheleka emphakathini” luye lwaba “yicebo eliphumelela kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi lephekula.”

Kodwa ingabe zikhona ezinye izizathu ezenza ubuphekula buchume?

Ubuphekula Nemibono Emibili Engqubuzanayo

Zinganikezi-themba ngekusasa, izingqapheli ezimbili zobuphekula zabhala: “Ubuphekula ngeke buphele. Izizwe ezincane, ezingenamandla ziye zathola ukuthi bungandisa kakhulu ithonya lazo elingokombangazwe, futhi njengoba zihlupheka nje ngenxa yokuntula ngokomnotho, azizimisele ukuyeka ubuphekula ngokuthi buyithuluzi elingokombangazwe nezempi.” Ziyanezela, ngesikhathi esifanayo eminye imibuso emikhulu iyazuza ngokulwa ngobuphekula. “Ngokuphambene, amazwe amakhulu, anamandla, aye athola ukuthi ababambeli abangamaphekula bayawasiza afinyelele izinhloso zawo zobuzwe ngaphandle kwengozi ehambisana nezinye izinhlobo zokulwa.”—Fighting Back.

Uma amazwe amakhulu esetholile ukuthi ubuphekula bungawasiza afinyelele izinhloso zawo, ingabe kumelwe asolwe ngobuphekula bomhlaba obuthile, noma ingxenye enkulu yabo? UJan Schreiber uyabhala: “Izenzakalo ezenzeka phakathi neminyaka yawo-1970 zaqinisekisa lokho izingqapheli ezingathathi-hlangothi ebezikwazi ngaphandle kokuba nobufakazi; ukuthi amaqembu amabili amakhulu omhlaba aye asebenzisa zonke izindlela, ezinhle nezobuqili, futhi ngokunokwenzeka azoqhubeka ezisebenzisa, ukuze adide izitha zawo futhi azuze, noma alondoloze, ubukhosi.”

Lokhu kungqubuzana kwamaqembu kusobala enkulumweni yomholi weSoviet uGorbachev lapho athi: “Kumelwe kube sobala ukuthi ubuhlobo bezwe lonke bungaqondiswa ngokubambisana uma kuphela imibuso ephethe amazwe amaningi iyeka imizamo yayo yokuxazulula ngempi ingxabano engokomlando ephakathi kwezimiso ezimbili ezingokwenhlalo.”—A Time for Peace.

Abanye ngokufanayo bayawuqaphela “lomzukuzuku” wezizwe zonke ophakathi kwemibuso emibili emikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uRobin Wright encwadini yakhe iSacred Rage uthi: “Amabutho amaMuslim anomuzwa futhi wokuthi iUnited States iye yabheka eMpumalanga ePhakathi ngokuyinhloko njengendawo yokulwa neSoviet Union, cishe ingawanaki amabutho anamandla endawo. Ezweni elihlukaniswe kabili, iU.S. ayizange ithuswe izimemezelo ezazikhinyabezwa zokuqashelwa kokuchuma kwaMazwe Asathuthuka.” Ngokusobala, ezinye izizwe ezincane zizibona zisetshenziswa ukuze ziphumelelise izinjongo ekungqubuzaneni kwamaqembu amabili.

Izingcweti zaseNtshonalanga zibheka ubuphekula obuningi njengesinye isikhali esisetshenziselwa ukukhinyabeza isimiso sokuzisebenzela. Inxusa uRobert B. Oakley, oyingcweti yaseU.S. kwezokumelana nobuphekula, wathi: “Uma kungayekwa, ukwanda kobuphekula kuyolulaza isimiso sobuhlobo bezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nesezempi eUnited States kanye namazwe akhonze kuyo aye athembela kubo ukuze alondoloze, avikele, futhi athuthukise izithakazelo zazo zesizwe nezithakazelo ezifanayo . . . Phakathi neminyaka ezayo, kumelwe sikulungele ukubhekana nokunye ukusongela okungathi sina kobuphekula bezizwe zonke . . . obuningi babo obusekelwa noma bugqugquzelwe idlanzana lohulumeni abanonya.”

Inxusa laseU.S. uRobert M. Sayre laveza umbono walo ngokungagwegwesi: “Ubuphekula bubangelwa ezombangazwe futhi buyalungiselelwa buhlelwe. . . .Obuningi babo benziwa amazwe namaqembu athonywe ubuMarx nobuLenin, futhi iSoviet Union kanye nabangane bayo bamazwe aseMpumalanga bayabusekela futhi babukhuthaze.”—Department of State Bulletin.

Ubuphekula Nesiprofetho SeBhayibheli

Kungani ukungqubuzana kwemibuso emibili emikhulu, esebenzisa ubuphekula njengethuluzi, kuthakazelisa ngokukhethekile kubafundi beBhayibheli? Kungenxa yesiprofetho esibalulekile esithokalala encwadini yeBhayibheli kaDaniyeli, isahluko-11. Lesiprofetho sichaza impi eqhubekayo phakathi kwemibuso emibili emikhulu, “inkosi yasenyakatho” “nenkosi yaseningizimu.” “Inkosi yasenyakatho” ichazwa njengengakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, inqaba “uNkulunkulu wawoyise.” (Daniyeli 11:37, NW) Iyaziphakamisa futhi idumise unkulunkulu wezempi, noma wezikhali. Inqoba izinqaba ezinamandla, futhi izenze ivelele ezweni layo. (Daniyeli 11:38, 39) Ingabe “inkosi yaseningizimu” ayenzi lutho lapho isitha sayo sikhula?

Isiprofetho esisabisayo sithi: “Ngesikhathi sokuphela inkosi yaseningizimu iyakuqhubukushana nayo; inkosi yasenyakatho isiyakuvunguzela yona ngezinqola, nangabamahashi, nangemikhumbi eminingi, ingene emazweni amaningi, ikhukhule, idlule.” (Daniyeli 11:4.0) Ngokufanelekile, izinhlobo eziningi zobuphekula manje zisetshenziswa yiwo womabili amakhosi ekulweleni kwawo ukubusa umhlaba.a Amazwi kaDaniyeli abonisa ukuthi kuyoba nokuqhubukushana phakathi kwemibuso emibili eholayo kuze kube yilapho uNkulunkulu ephelisa umbango wayo empini yeArmagedoni.—IsAmbulo 16:14-16.

Imibuzo iyasala: Ingabe umuntu eyedwa angaluqeda ubhadane lobuphekula? Uma kunjalo, kanjani futhi nini? Uma kungenjalo, kungani? Isihloko sethu esilandelayo sizoxoxa ngalemibuzo.

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Izisusa zobuphekula obuningi zihlobene nesiprofetho sikaDaniyeli ngokuphathelene nesikhathi sokuphela

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Peacemaker Press Int’l, Belfast

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Ubuphekula banamuhla buye bazisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izintatheli zezindaba

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Reuters/Bettmann Newsphotos