Umhlaba Ongenawo, Amahlathi Ingabe Yilokho Ikusasa Elikuphethe?
IZINDAWO ezinkulu ezazimbozwe amahlathi akhiqizayo asezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu ezinemvula izinkulungwane zeminyaka namuhla ziba yizingwadule. Kokubili indawo yokuhlala yezinyoni zakwamanye amazwe nokuphila kwezilwane okwakukhosela ngaphansi kwesambulela esikhiqizayo sezigidigidi zezinhlobo zezitshalo nezihlahla, ezinye zinobude obungamamitha angama-60, lezindawo zomhlaba ezinhle, eziluhlaza, ezigcwele ukuphila ziba yizingwadule ngokushesha.
Ngamandla abhubhisayo umuntu uchitha izintaba ngembazo, isaha, umshini odudula inhlabathi eningi, nangomentshisi. Uzinciphisa zibe yizindawo zehlane elilahliwe eziluqwathule, eziyizingwadule, ezishile. Lokhu kubhubhisa ngonya amahlathi omhlaba asezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu kwenziwa ngezinga elishaqisayo lamahektare angama-20 ngomzuzu, noma ngaphezu kwamakhilomithaskwele ayi-100 000 ngonyaka—indawo elingana neAustria.
Ngokwabanye ochwepheshe, ngonyaka ka-2000, cishe amaphesenti ayi-12 amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu athola imvula eningi ayesele, ngo-1980 ayobe engasekho—akukho nokuncane okufezwe umuntu, ngisho nangedumela lakhe lokubhubhisa. Ziyobe zingasekho futhi izilwane ezivela kwamanye amazwe, izilwane zasendle, nezinhlobonhlobo zokumilayo okungenakutholakala kunoma yiziphi ezinye izindawo zomhlaba. Umuntu ubhubhisa ingxenye yayo kanye indawo ezungezile enezinto eziphilayo eyinkimbinkimbi ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwakhe futhi emnikeza izinzuzo ezingenakubalwa.
Inani lemithi elingaphezu kwengxenye umuntu ayisebenzisayo livela ezitshalweni, eminingi kakhulu ivela ezitshalweni ezimila ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu. Yini ezezimboni ebezingayenza ngaphandle komthombo wenjoloba, iturpentine, irattan, uqalo—konke okudabuka emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo—kuhlanganise izinqwabanqwaba zengxoza, amaresms, odayi, nezinongo zokudla? Ngokungaboni nangokungakhethi, umuntu ubhubhisa umcebo onokubaluleka okukhulu.
Kulamahlathi amakhulu, kukhiqizwa izinqwabanqwaba zomoya ioksijini. Abanye ososayensi baxwayisa ngokuthi lokhu kuncipha okungaka kwamahlathi akhiqiza ioksijini nakho kungase kuqinise umphumela owesatshwayo wokufudumala kwemikhakha engaphansi yomkhathi, kubangele ukuba amazinga okugcwala ezilwandle aphakame ngokwesabekayo.
Ukususwa kwamahlathi kakade kuye kwaba nomphumela omubi okhona manje ezindaweni eziningi zezwe. Izizwe ezinjengeBrazil, iIndonesia, nePhilippines ziye zabona ukuguquka okusheshayo kwamazwe azo esuka ekubeni namahlathi angodukathole eya ekubeni izingwadule ngokuphelele. “ENingizimu-Mpumalanga Asia amahektare amaningi ayizigidi eziyi-10 ezwe elake laba namahlathi manje linohlobo lotshani obuhlabayo kuphela obuqinile nobungasizi lutho obunganikezi kudla, amandla, ngisho nefolishi,” kubika iNhlangano Yengcebo Yemvelo Yomhlaba.
Ukugawulwa nokuthengiswa kwezindawo ezibanzi zemithi kuqinisekisa ukungabi namahlathi kweFiji esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-20, kweThailand lapho kuphela lelikhulu leminyaka, nokwamahlathi asezindaweni ezinemvula ezweni lasePhilippines ngo-1990, kubika iScience Digest. EAustralia ukuchithwa kwamahlathi ayo kwande kabanzi—izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamahlathi ayo asezindaweni ezinemvula eningi azisekho ngokuphelele! ElaseNdiya lilahlekelwa amahektare ayizigidi eziyi-1,3 amahlathi minyaka yonke ngenxa yokugawulwa.
Umagazini iNatural History ka-April 1986 uyabika, “engaphakathi nawo-1980, wonke amazwe aseAfrika alahlekelwa isembozo esiyimithi. Ngempela, ukulahlekelwa amahlathi manje kuyabusa kuwo wonke Amazwe Ampofu. Emazweni angama-63 abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5 bagawula amahlathi ngokushesha kunanjengoba engabuye akhule, kubangele ukuncipha kwawo okungaholela kuphela ekupheleni kwamahlathi nezinkuni zokubasa. Izingcweti zilindele ukuba ngo-2000 inani lokuncipha liphindeke kabili.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi kuthinta wona kanye umnyombo wokuba umuntu akwazi ukuphila—ezolimo. Okokuqala nje, lapho umuntu egawula imithi ezintabeni nasemagqumeni ukuze atshale imbewu yakhe, ngaphandle kokumilayo kokuhamba umhlabathi, umhlabathi uguguleka ngokushesha. Futhi, emazweni lapho izinkuni zokubasa ziyindlala, “isilinganiso samathani ayizigidi ezingama-360 zobulongwe siyabaswa minyaka yonke . . . Lokhu kubaswa komquba onamandla kulinganiselwa ukuthi kukhubaza isivuno sezitshalo ngamathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-12, 7.”
Ingabe amahlathi amakhulu omhlaba ngempela abhujiswa yizimbangela ezingenakuhlehliswa? Noma ingabe lesizukulwane siyoshiyela izingane zaso okuningi engcebweni engokwemvelo yomhlaba nobuhle? Sikhuluma kakhulu, sibhala imiqingo yezincwadi, kodwa asenzi lutho. Ngakho-ke, iliphi ikusasa esiyolishiyela abantwana baso? Isikhathi sizosho, futhi sincane isikhathi esisele.
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 28]
Emazweni angama-63 abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5 bagawula izingodo ngokushesha kunanjengoba zingabuye zikhule
[Isithombe ekhasini 28]
lzizwe ziguqula odukathole bamahlathi babe izingwadule