Isonto LamaKatolika ESpain—Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla
“Lapho amandla emakhulu kakhulu, yilapho kuyingozi kakhulu ukuwasebenzisa kabi.”—UEdmund Burke.
INDODA eyayinethonya lokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu eYurophu ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka kwakunguPhilip II, inkosi yaseSpain yobuKatolika. Umbuso wakhe Omkhulu, “lapho kungazange kushone langa khona,” wawusukela eMexico kuya ePhilippines, ukusuka eNetherlands kuya eCape of Good Hope.
Kodwa izifiso zakhe zazingokwenkolo kunokuba zibe ezingokombangazwe—ukuvikela ubuKatolika eYurophu nokusakaza ukholo kuwo wonke umbuso wakhe. Eshoshozelwa ngabapristi, wayekholisekile ukuthi iSonto lamaKatolika laliyinqaba eyinhloko yombuso wakhe nempucuko ngokwayo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, wayeyingane yesonto.
Ukuze andise isimiso sobuKatolika, wabusisa izinqubo zonya zokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki; walwa namaProthestani eNetherlands nangokumelene “nabangakholwa” baseTurkey eMedithera; washada noMary Tudor, indlovukazi eyiNgisi egulayo engazimisele, emzamweni ongaphumelelanga wokuba amzalele indlalifa engumKatolika; kamuva wathumela iArmada (amabutho empi yakhe) “enganqotshwa” eyehlelwa umshophi ukuba ithathe iNgilandi kumaProthestani; futhi ekufeni kwakhe washiya izwe lakhe lisesikweletini esikhulu—naphezu kwezinkindlane zegolide ezazingena zivela emazweni amasha ayewabusa.
Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki—Amakhulu Amathathu Eminyaka Yokucindezelwa
Ngemva kwenkosi, indoda eyayinamandla kakhulu eSpain kwakuwumqulisi omkhulu Wamacala Ezihlubuki. Umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukugcina ubuKatolika baseSpain bungangcolisiwe futhi bamukeleka. Ababengabamukeli imibono yabo babeyigcina iyisifuba sabo noma ngale kwalokho badingiswe, kuye ngokuthi amanxusa abaQuli Bamacala Ezihlubuki awazange azitholele bona kuqala. Ngokunokwenzeka ngaphandle kwenkosi, wonke umuntu wayeyisisulu samandla kanye nokuxhashazwa abaQuli Bamacala Ezihlubuki—hhayi ngisho nendikimba yabefundisi bamaKatolika yayingalungile kangangokuba yayingenakusolwa.
Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseToledo waboshwa iminyaka eyisikhombisa ngaphandle kobufakazi obuphathekayo, naphezu kokuphikisa kukapapa okuphindaphindiwe. Akukho muntu eSpain owayenesibindi sokumkhulumela. Kwaphikiswana ngokuthi ‘kungcono ngomuntu ongenacala ukuba alahlwe kunokuba kuhlanjalazwe UkuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki.’
Abanqobi baqkhubekisela phambili UkuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki nasemazweni amasha ayelawulwa iSpain okuyiningizimu nenyakatho Melika. Ngo-1539, iminyaka embalwa nje ngemva kokunqotshwa kweMexico, inkosi yaseAztec uOmetochtzin yabekwa icala lokukhonza izithombe, ngesisekelo sobufakazi obanikezwa indodana yayo eneminyaka eyishumi. Naphezu kokuzinxusela kwakhe ukuba anikezwe inkululeko kanembeza, walahlwa njengofanele ukufa. Emazweni anjengalawa, njengaseSpain, iBhayibheli lalenqatshelwe ngezilimi zabomdabu. Ngo-1541 uJerónimo López wabhala: “Kuyiphutha eliyingozi kakhulu ukufundisa isayensi emaNdiyeni futhi okuyingozi ngisho nangaphezulu ukubanikeza iBhayibheli . . . ezandleni zabo. . . . Abantu abaningi kulendawo yethu yaseSpain baye bafa ngaleyondlela.”
Emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka UkuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kuye kwaqapha ngeso elibukhali iSpain nombuso wayo kwaze kwaba yilapho ekugcineni iphelelwa imali nezisulu zayo. Futhi zingasekho izisulu, ezaziphoqelelwa ukuba zikhokhe izinhlawulo ezimba eqolo, kwavele kwaphela.a
Imimoya Yenguquko
Ngokubhuntsha kokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki, iSpain yekhulu le-19 leminyaka yabona ukukhula kwenkululeko nokwehla kancane kancane kwamandla obuKatolika. Amazwe abuswa isonto—kuze kube yilesosikhathi ayehlanganisa ingxenye yesithathu yamazwe angokoqobo—athathwa ohulumeni abalandelanayo. Ngawo-1930, undunankulu wesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni uAzaña wathi: “ISpain ayiseyona eyobuKatolika” futhi uhulumeni wakhe wenza ngokuvumelana nalokho.
Isonto lahlukaniswa ngokuphelele noMbuso, futhi nemali yokuholela abefundisi yaqedwa. Imfundo yayingasenakuhilela izinto ezingokwenkolo, futhi kwaqaliswa umshado nesahlukaniso esiqhutshwa ngenqubo yesizwe. UKhadinali Segura wakhala kalusizi ‘ngaleligalelo elinamandla’ futhi waba nokwesaba ngendaba yokusinda kwesizwe. Kwabonakala sengathi ubuKatolika babumiselwe ukuwa okungenakugwemeka lapho, ngo-1936, ubudlova bezempi buphazamisa isizwe.
IMpi Yangaphakathi—Impi Yenkolo Enonya
Ojenene bamabutho ababehola amaqembu alwayo babeshukunyiswa izifiso zezombangazwe, kodwa ngokushesha ukulwa kwathatha isimo esingokwenkolo. Phakathi namasonto ambalwa okulwa kobudlova, isonto elimandla alo ayesebhekelwa phansi kakade uhulumeni wamuva, ngokushesha lazithola liyisisulu sokuhlaselwa yonke indawo nangonya.b Izinkulungwane zabapristi nezindela zabulawa abaphikisi baleliqembu lempi abashisekayo, abafanisa isonto laseSpain nokubusa kobushiqela. Amasonto nezakhiwo zezindela kwaphangwa futhi kwashiswa ngomlilo. Kwezinye izingxenye zeSpain, ukuvunula nje ngesembatho sompristi kwakuyisizathu esanele sokusayina incwadi egunyaza ukubulawa kwalowomuntu. Kwakunjengokungathi isipoki sokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki sasibuye ethuneni ukuze sishwabadele okhokho baso.
Ngokombiko wesonto owakhishwa uCanon Arboleya ngo-1933, indoda esebenzayo yayibheka isonto njengengxenye yangempela yeqembu labacebile nabanamalungelo ababeyixhaphaza. UArboleya wachaza: “Izindimbane zabaleka eSontweni ngenxa yokuthi zazikholelwa ukuthi laliyisitha sazo esikhulu kakhulu.”
Libhekene nalolusongo, isonto laseSpain laphinda futhi laphendukela emandleni ombuso—kulokhu laphendukela kwezempi—ukuze liqinise umthombo walo nokubuyisela isizwe enkolelweni emisiwe yobuKatolika. Kodwa okokuqala impi yangaphakathi kwakumelwe ingcweliswe “njengempi engcwele,” “impi yenkolo” ukuze kuvikelwe ubuKristu.
UKhadinali Gomá lowombhishobhi omkhulu waseToledo, nowumholi ongokwenkolo waseSpain wabhala: “Ingabe impi eSpain iyimpi yangaphakathi? Cha. Iwukulwa kwalabo abangenaNkulunkulu . . . ngokumelene neSpain ngempela, nangokumelene nenkolo yobuKatolika.” Wabiza uJenene Franco ngokuthi umholi wabamelene nohulumeni omisiwe, “ithuluzi lamacebo kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni.” Abanye ababhishobhi baseSpain basho amazwi afanayo.
Yebo, iqiniso lalingelula kangako. Abaningi ababesekela uhlangothi lwempi lweRepublic nabo futhi babengamaKatolika aqotho, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseBasque, inqaba yobuKatolika engokwesiko. Ngakho, impi yangaphakathi yathola amaKatolika elwa namaKatolika—konke kushoshozelwa ubuKatolika baseSpain, ngokwencazelo yempi eyanikezwa umbhishobhi.c
Lapho amabutho kaFranco esenqobe iZifundazwe zaseBasque ngokuphelele, abulala abapristi abayi-14 futhi abopha abaningi abengeziwe. Isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uJacques Maritain, ebhala ngonya olwenziwa ngokumelene namaKatolika aseBasque, waphawula ukuthi “Impi Engcwele izonda amakholwa angayikhonzi ngobuqotho ngokwengeziwe kunabakholwayo.”
Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu yonya nokuchithwa kwegazi okuqhubekayo, impi yangaphakathi yaphela, ngokunqoba kwamabutho kaFranco. Abantu baseSpain abasukela ku-600 000 kuya ku-800-000 bafa, abaningi babo ngenxa yokuziphindiselela ngonya kwamabutho anqobayo.d Ngokuzigqaja, uKhadinali Gomá wamemezela encwadini yakhe yobufundisi: “Akekho ongaphika ukuthi amandla abeqondisa lempi bekunguNkulunkulu ngokwakhe, inkolo yakhe, izimiso zakhe, umthetho wakhe, ukuba khona kwakhe, nethonya lakhe elinganqamuki emlandweni wethu.”
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a Kusukela ekumisweni kokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki ngekhulu le-15 leminyaka kuya eMpini Yesizwe yaseSpain (1936-39), ngaphandle kwezimbalwa ezazihlukile, iSonto noMbuso kwakunezithakazelo ezifanayo. Ngokungangabazeki, izithakazelo zakho kokubili zazibangelwa yilobuhlobo obungengcwele. Nokho, amakhulu amahlanu eminyaka amandla esikhashana—kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla okwakuhambisana nawo—kwakulilulaze ngokungathi sína igunya elingokomoya lesonto, njengoba isihloko sethu esilandelayo sizobonisa.
b Isisulu sokugcina kwakuwumphathi wesikole oneshwa owalengiswa eValencia ngo-1826 ngenxa yokusebenzisa amazwi athi “Udumo Maluye KuNkulunkulu” esikhundleni sokusebenzisa athi “UMariya Unodumo” emithandazweni yesikole.
c Eqinisweni abanye abapristi bamaKatolika balwa emabuthweni kaFranco. Ikakhulukazi umpristi wendawo waseZafra, uExtremadura wayenedumela elibi ngonya lwakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abapristi abambalwa bamelana ngesibindi nokubulawa kwabantu ababecatshangelwa ukuthi bazwelana neRepublic—futhi okungenani kwabulawa oyedwa ngenxa yalesizathu. UKhadinali Vidal y Barraquer, owazama ukulondoloza isimo sokungakhethi kuyo yonke impi, waphoqelelwa uhulumeni kaFranco ukuba adingiswe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1943.
d Akunakwenzeka ukuthola amanani ashaya emhloleni, futhi izibalo ezinikeziwe ziyizilinganiso.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 8]
Impi Yangaphakathi YaseSpain Amazwi Ababhishobhi
Ngokushesha ngemva kokugqashuka kwempi (ngo-1936), uKhadinali Gomá wachaza impi njengokulwa phakathi “kweSpain nezitha zeSpain, inkolo nabangakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, impucuko yobuKristu nobuqaba.”
La Guerra de España, 1936-1939, ikhasi-261.
Umbhishobhi waseCartagena wathi: “Babusisiwe ombayimbayi, uma iVangeli lichuma ezintubeni abazivulayo.”
La Guerra de España, 1936-1939, amakhasi 264-5.
NgoJuly 1, 1937, ababhishobhi baseSpain bakhipha incwadi eyiqoqo eyayihlela isimo samaKatolika empini yangaphakathi. Phakathi kokunye, yasho okulandelayo:
“Isonto, naphezu komoya walo wokuthula, . . . alinakuba ngelingenasithakazelo empini. . . . ESpain yayingekho enye indlela yokunqoba kabusha ukulunga, ukuthula, nezinzuzo ezazivela kukho kunangeNhlangano yeSizwe [amabutho kaFranco obuFascism].”
“Sikholelwa ukuthi igama elithi iNhlangano yeSizwe lifanelekile, okokuqala ngenxa yomoya wayo, obonisa indlela yokucabanga kwabantu abaningi baseSpain, futhi iyona ewukuphela kwethemba lesizwe sonke.”
Enciclopedia Espasa-Calpe, isenezelo sika-1936-1939,
amakhasi 1553-5.
Ababhishobhi bamaKatolika kwamanye amazwe babeshesha ukusekela abanye abakanye nabo baseSpain. Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseParis, uKhadinali Verdier, wachaza impi yangaphakathi ‘njengokulwa phakathi kwempucuko yamaKristu . . . nempucuko yokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu,’ kuyilapho uKhadinali Faulhaber waseJalimane anxusa wonke amaJalimane ukuba athandazele labo “abalwela amalungelo angcwele kaNkulunkulu, ukuba uNkulunkulu anikeze ukunqoba kulabo abalwa [kulempi] engcwele.”
Enciclopedia Espasa-Calpe, isenezelo sika-1936-1939, amakhasi 1556-7.
[Isithombe ekhasini 7]
Kulesakhiwo esikhulu sobukhosi esihlala izindela saseSan Lorenzo del Escorial, uPhilip II wabusa phezu kombuso wakhe, “lapho ilanga lalingashoni neze khona”