Ingabe Ukuziphatha Okuhle Kuyabuya?
IZINDLU zikhala ibhungane. Izimpawu zithi izindlu zokuqashisa. Lezozindlu eHamburg, eJalimane, zake zaba ingxenye yezikhungo zezifebe ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kungani zavalwa?
Ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo esenza ukuba izindawo zokuhlangana ezithandwayo zongqingili baseSan Francisco zibe amanxiwa. Kuyo yonke iUnited States, izindlu zokuhlangana nezindawo zokugquma zongqingili eziningi zavalwa ngokulandelana.
Yini eyayiyimbangela eyinhloko yalolushintsho? Ukusakazeka kwengculaza, igciwane elibulalayo eliye laba ubhadane oluzedlula zonke zalelikhulu lama-20 leminyaka.
Ingculaza kakade isiye yathatha ukuphila kwamashumi ezinkulungwane. Futhi uma izibalo eziyisilinganiso zamuva ziyiqiniso, ingase ithathe izigidi zokuphila okwengeziwe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Ukubuya Kokuziphatha Okuhle?
Ngawo-1960 nangawo-1970, inguquko yobulili yahlasela amazwe amaningi aseNtshonalanga. Ukuthandana nanoma ubani kwamukelwa kabanzi. Inani lezingane ezizalwa ngaphandle komshado landa. Iminyaka yalabo ababa nobuhlobo bobulili okokuqala yayehla ngokuphawulekayo. Izindinganiso ezingokwesiko zawohloka ekuphileni kwezigidi, futhi inani lazo lalanda ngokushesha.
Ukhulumela umoya owawubusa ngalesosikhathi, umagazini waseCanada iL’Actualité wathi: “Isenzo sobulili saba uhlobo lomdlalo ongenasono.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuvela kwezinhlangano ezazilwela “amalungelo” ongqingili, ubungqingili baba impikiswano eyinhloko, futhi kwenziwa ushintsho emithethweni esikhathini esidlule eyayibenqabele ubuhlobo bobungqingili.
Khona-ke ingculaza yavela enkundleni yomhlaba. Njengoba ukufa okuvela kulolubhadane losuku lwanamuhla kwakwanda futhi kungekho khambi elalitholakala, isimo sabantu ngasebulilini sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Njengoba iL’Actualité yachaza: “Ngengculaza, imidlalo yothando iye yaba enengozi ngokwedlulele.” Umhleli wephephandaba waseMelika uEllen Goodman wakhulumela lokho okwakushiwo ushintsho esimweni sengqondo: “Hhayi uma—kodwa njengoba—ingculaza isakazekela kuwo wonke umphakathi, ‘ucha’ uzoba impendulo evame kakhulu ngokwengeziwe endabeni yobulili.”
Kushintshe Imikhuba—Hhayi Ukuziphatha
Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi sibona uhlobo oluthile lokuphaphama oluwumphumela wokubuyela ekuziphatheni okuhle. Njengoba ezokwaziswa ngezinye izikhathi ziye zasho, ingabe ‘kuwukubuyiselwa kwezimiso zakudala ezingokwesiko’ noma ‘kwezimiso eziqinile ezindabeni zokuziphatha’?
Eminye imikhuba iye yashintsha ngokuphelele, kodwa ngokungenakugwemeka umqondo oyinhloko awuzange ulandele inkambo efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ongqingili abaye bayeka ubulili nabangane abaningi futhi bazilinganisela ekuhlanganeni “nomlingane oyedwa” abanakuchazwa njengababuyela ekuziphatheni okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yini ebingenzeka uma bekungatholakala umjovo wokugomela ingculaza. Kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi abaningi bangabuyela emikhubeni yabo yangesikhathi esidlule nokuthi izindawo ezenzelwe bona ngokukhethekile zingavulwa kabusha futhi.
Kwabahlanganyela ubulili nabobulili obuhlukile, izinguquko ekuziphatheni, kodwa hhayi emqondweni oyinhloko, zingabonwa futhi. UFelice, umfundi eYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eLos Angeles, eU.S.A., uyadabuka ngokungabi nakho okuhlangenwe nakho kwenkululeko yobulili eyake yadlanga emagcekeni esikole. Wathi: “Kuyacasula. . . . Ngifisa sengathi ngabe ngempela ngangibe nayo inkululeko yokuzenzela izinqumo zami siqu.” Futhi umhleli wephephandaba waseMelika wachaza ukuthi izindinganiso zokuziphatha zangesikhathi esidlule azinakubuya futhi, ethi: “Nakuba ukuziphatha kobulili kungase kwehle, akukho ukubuyela ngokuphelele emqondweni wokushada ngaphambi kokuhlanganyela ubulili wango-1940 nawo-1950.”
Ngokwesibonelo, eCanada, umagazini iMaclean’s wabika okulandelayo ngokuphathelene nokuhlolwa okuxhaswé uhulumeni kwabafundi baseKholeji: “Intsha esikhulile yazi kangcono ngezifo ezithathelwana ngobulili, kuhlanganise nengculaza, ugcunsula, nesipatsholo. Kodwa lololwazi ngokusobala luye lwahluleka ukubenza babe ngabaqaphe ngokwengeziwe. Abafundi abaningi abahlolwa bathi bahlanganyela ebulilini, kodwa bavuma ukuthi baba budedengu ekusebenziseni isixwayiso esisodwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganyela ubulili esisiza ukuvimbela lesifo: ukusebenzisa icondom.”
Umbiko wathi futhi: “Izikhulu eziningi zezempilo zithi zikhathazekile ngokuthi naphezu kwakho konke ukwaziswa okunikezwe abantu ngokuphathelene nobulili obulondekile, lokhukwaziswa akulithinti iqembu eliyinhloko lomphakathi elishisekela ubulili.” UDkt. Noni MacDonald, isazi sokwelapha izifo ezithathelwanayo saseOttawa, wathi: “Imfundo eningi nemikhankaso yemithombo yokusakaza yokwandiswa kokusetshenziswa kwecondom iyehluleka ngokudabukisayo.”
IMaclean’s yenezela: “Ukuhlola okwenziwa emagcekeni angu-54 kwathola ukuthi izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zabafundi zaziye zahlanganyela kakade ebulilini. Cishe ingxenye yamadoda yathi yayibe nabalingane abahlanu noma abengeziwe, nengxenye eyodwa kwezine eyathi yayinengqikithi yabangu-10 noma ngaphezulu. Phakathi kwabesifazane basekholeji abahlolwa, amaphesenti angu-30 athi ayehlanganyele ubulili okungenani nabalingane abahlanu; amaphesenti angu-12 athi ayenze kanjalo okungenani namadoda angu-10. Nokho, amacondom ayengathandwa kuyo yonke indawo. . . . Labo ababesengozini kakhulu cishe babengawasebenzisi amacondom.”
Ingabe Isifundo Sokuziphatha Siye Safundwa?
Abaningi bayenqaba ukufunda isifundo sokuziphatha kulokho okwenzekayo. Abanye odokotela beluleka ngokuthi kumelwe kube khona ushintsho emikhubeni, betusa ukuba nomlingane oyedwa kuphela nokusebenzisa amacondom ukuze kuvinjelwe ingculaza. Kodwa abakushayi-mkhuba ukulahla ukuziphatha okuxekethile. UAlan Dershowitz, uprofesa wezomthetho eHarvard, uyakusekela lokuthambekela lapho esikisela ukuthi abacwaningi akumelwe basole isici sokuziphatha okungokobulili esidlulisela ingculaza. Waphawula: “Ososayensi kumelwe benze njengokungathi isifo sidluliselwa ngokuziphatha okuvamile.”
Nokho, umagazini wezindaba waseFrance ispectacle du monde unomuzwa wokuthi lokhu akwanele. Wathi: “Ayikho inkambiso yokulwisana nengculaza eyoba nanoma imuphi umphumela ngaphandle kokuba ihambisane nokubuyela okusheshayo kwembulunga yonke, nokokuzithandela ohlotsheni oluphakeme lokuziphatha. (Akumelwe kukhohlwe ukuthi ukuyekelela okungokobulili, ubufebe, nokulutha kwezidakamizwa kuyizibonelo eziyinhloko zokuziphatha okungokwenhlalo okuyimbangela yokusakazeka kwalesifo.) Lokhu kubuyela ekuziphatheni okuhle kungaba khona kuphela uma kungavela isimo esingokwesiko esisha sendawo ezungezile. . . . Ukuziphatha akuwona umkhiqizo wanoma imuphi umqondo wobandlululo. Kubhekenwe nosongo lwengculaza, kumelwe kuchazwe njengesidingo esicindezelayo sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ukusinda kohlanga lwesintu okuxhomeke kuyo.”
Ingabe ukuziphatha kumelwe kuqalwe kabusha “njengesidingo sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo”? Ingabe ukusetshenziswa kwesimiso sezindinganiso zokuziphatha kumelwe kuchazwe ngezimo nje kuphela? Ingabe yonke imithetho yokuziphatha inendinganiso efanayo? Ake sibone ukuthi zifundo zini umlando ongasifundisa zona.
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 5]
“AKUKHO UKUBUYELA NGOKUPHELELE EMQONDWENI WOKUSHADA NGAPHAMBI KOKUHLANGANYELA UBULILI WANGO-1940 NAWO-1950”