Uvinika—Iasidi Eshwaqayo

Ngomlobeli wePhaphama! eFrance

Ukusetshenziswa kukavinika kuhlehlela emuva esikhathini eside.

Amabutho amaRoma ayephuza inhlanganisela kavinika namanzi.

Igama ayebiza ngalo uvinika kwakungelithi acetum.

THINA namuhla sisebenzisa igama elithi “acetic acid” ekuchazeni isakhi esiyinhloko sikavinika, njengoba uvinika utholakala ngokubiliswa ngeacid koketshezi olune-alkhoholi njengewayini.

Igama lethu lesiNgisi elithi “Vinegar” livela emagameni amabili esiFulentshi athi: vin (iwayini) nelithi aigre (muncu). Kodwa kahle-hle iwayini liba kanjani muncu bese liba uvinika?

Umkhiqizo Wama“bacterium”

Uma ushiya ibhodlela elivulekile lewayini endlini efudumele amasonto ambalwa, kwakheka ulwelwesi ngaphezu kwewayini. Lololwelwesi lwenziwa amangqamuzana aminyene, izilongoshane ezincanyana ezisemoyeni. Ziye zahlala ewayinini ngoba liyindawo ekahle yokuzalana.

Ake sinambithe iconsi. Yeka ukuthi kudumaza kanjani! Iwayini lethu selibilile futhi manje selimuncu. Seliphenduke uvinika. Yini elenzé laba muncu? Isidalwa esincane kakhulu esibizwa ngokuthi iAcetobacter aceti. Ungasinika noma isiphi isilinganiso sewayini, iale noma icider; futhi uma nje singenawo amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-12 e-alkhoholi, siyanda.

Ososayensi basinika imvume yokuba sona nomkhaya waso babizwe ngokuthi ama-aerobe, okusho ukuthi abanakuphila ngaphandle komoya-mpilo. Yingakho lesidalwa esincanyana singasebenza kuphela ngaphezu koketshezi, ngoba uma sicwila, siyobulawa isifo sokungakwazi ukuphefumula. Lokho kuyoqeda inqubo yokushintsha isiphuzo se-alkhoholi sibe uvinika.

IAcetobacter aceti nabangane bayo babuthana ngamanani amakhulu ngaphezu kwewayini kangangokuthi benza ulwelwesi olunjimbinjimbi olubizwa ngokuthi unina kavinika. Iyezwela emakhazeni, iyezwana nokushisa okungu-30° Celsius.

Njengoba manje sewazi okuthé xaxa ngovinika, ake sivakashele ifekthri kavinika eOrleans, inhlokodolobha yemboni kavinika eFrance.

Inqubo YaseOrleans

Singena enqolobaneni enkulukazi enamakani, imigqomo, namathangi okwakhiwe kwaba nokuma nobukhulu okwahlukene. Okunye kwakhiwe ngeoak futhi okunye ngensimbi engagqwali. Okuningi kusetshenziselwa ukugcina iwayini lapho lifika. Lapha yilapho umenzi kavinika ongumakad’ ebona exuba futhi adidiyele khona amawayini akhe ekhethelo futhi alungise ubungako be-alkhoholi bube amaphesenti angu-8 noma angu-9. Ezinye izitsha zisebenza ukugcina nokubilisa uvinika. Okokugcina, siza engxenyeni ebaluleke kakhulu, lapho kusetshenziswa khona imigqomo engamalitha angu-225 ukuze kushintshwe iwayini libe uvinika.

Imigqomo emikhulu ibekwa uklele ilele ngohlangothi. Lokhu kuvumela ingxenye enkulu yengaphezulu lewayini ukuba livuleleke emoyeni. Umoya ungena ‘ngeso,’ noma imbotshana, ngasenhla komgqomo. Lembobo futhi yenza ukuba umenzi kavinika akwazi ukuhlola ukuthi seliyabila yini. Ukuze kuvunyelwe konke lokhu, imigqomo igcwaliswa kuphela izingxenye ezine kwezinhlanu zalokho engakwazi ukukuthwala. Iwayini lifakwa linokushisa okungu-30° Celsius bese kunezelwa isilinganiso esincane samabacterium kavinika. Amabacterium aqala ukusebenza, futhi ezinsukwini ezintathu kuya kwezine kamuva, unina kavinika usibekela ingaphezulu lewayini.

Phakathi namasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu, iqoqo lokuqala likavinika selilungile. Amalitha acishe abe ngu-50 akhishwa ngembotshana eseduze nesinqe somgqomo. Lawa athathelwa indawo yisilinganiso esifanayo sewayini, kunakekelwa ukuba kungahleshulwa ulwelwesi lwamabacterium ngaphezulu.

Cishe emasontweni amathathu kamuva, isilinganiso esifanayo sikavinika singakhishwa futhi, kuqhubeke njalo njalo. Kusetshenziswa lenqubo, ngomgqomo ngamunye kukhiqizwa isilinganiso samalitha amabili noma amathathu nsuku zonke. Lokhu kungase kubonakale kukuncane, kodwa lefekthri esiyihambele inemigqomo engu-2 500, okwenza umkhiqizo waminyaka yonke ukuba ube amalitha angamakhulu ayizinkulungwane eziningana.

Manje sekudingeka ezinye izinqubo eziningana, kuye ngohlobo olufunekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungcola kuyasuswa futhi uvinika ucwengwe ukuze wenziwe ucace. Uvinika ube usuvuthiswa emigqomweni emikhulu yeoak izinyanga eziningana. Khona-ke ube usufakwa emabhodleleni futhi uthunyelwe kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Inqubo yaseOrleans isasetshenziswa ekwenzeni uvinika, kodwa kuye kwasungulwa ezinye izinqubo eminyakeni edlule ukuze kuthuthukiswe futhi kusheshiswe ukwenziwa kukavinika ngisho nangokwengeziwe. Lokhu kunjalo ngenqubo ejulile yokubilisa. Umoya uhlala ufuthelwa ngaphakathi, bese kuthi izigidi zamabhamuza omoya abangelwa yilokho kufuthwa anikeze amabacterium asengxubeni ye-alkhoholi umoya-mpilo ukuze akhule ngokushesha. Ngaleyondlela kukhiqizwa uvinika omningi ngesikhashana.

Ukusetshenziswa Okwehlukahlukene

Uvinika unomlando omude. Kukhulunywa ngawo eBhayibhelini kokubili emibhalweni yesiHeberu neyesiGreki. (Numeri 6:3; Johane 19:29, 30) Ukusebenza kwawo njengomuthi wokwelapha kuye kwaqashelwa emakhulwini eminyaka. UHippocrates wawunika iziguli zakhe. Uye wahogelwa njengokokuthimulisa nokokulondoloza, njengosawoti abanukayo. Uma uxutshwe namanzi, uye wasetshenziswa njengesibulala zinambuzane esilula. Ekhaya, uvinika usetshenziswa uxutshwe namanzi ukuze kugezwe izithako zikasaladi nanjengokokuhlanza ikhaya okuvamile.

Kodwa uvinika ngokuyinhloko usetshenziselwa izinjongo zokwelapha. Njengoba uvimbela izilongoshane ukuba zakheke, usetshenziselwa ukuqhola inyama, inhlanzi, izithelo, nokusamifino okuningi, okunjengoanyanisi, amagherkin, necauliflower. Futhi uvinika uvuselela ubumnandi bosaladi, amasauce, izitshulu nokunye ukudla.

Ngakho esikhathini esilandelayo lapho uhlala phansi ukuze udle, khumbula ukuthi ukunambitheka kokudla ngokunokwenzeka kuye kwathuthukiswa ngaleyoacid eshwaqayo, uvinika.