Ukuhlolisisa Uhulumeni Human Rule Weighed in the Balances

Ingxenye 7—Ukufuna Kwezombangazwe Izwe Lamaphupho

Isimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni: isimiso sezenhlalo esikhuthaza ubunikazi nokulawula koMbuso izindlela zokukhiqiza amakhomanisi asibheka njengesigaba esiphakathi kwesimiso sokuzisebenzela nobukhomanisi; UbuKhomanisi: isimiso sezenhlalo esikhuthaza ukungabibikho kwezigaba, ubunikazi obuhlangene bezindlela zokukhiqiza nokuziphilisa, nokwabiwa okulinganayo kwezimpahla ezingokomnotho.

IZINGANEKWANE zamaGreki zikhuluma ngonkulunkulu wamaGreki okwakuthiwa uCronus, okwathi phakathi nokubusa kwakhe iGrisi yajabulela inkathi yegolide. “Bonke babehlanganyela ngokulinganayo esabelweni esifanayo, impahla yomuntu siqu yayingaziwa, futhi ukuthula nokuzwana kwabusa ngokungaphazanyiswa,” kuchaza iDictionary of the History of Ideas. Lomthombo ofanayo uyanezela: “Imikhondo yokuqala yesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni iyavela ngokukhalela ukulahleka ‘kweNkathi Yegolide’.”

Nokho, akuzange kuze kube semashumini eminyaka asekuqaleni nawaphakathi kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka lapho isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni savela khona njengenhlangano yezombangazwe yanamuhla. Samukelwa ngokukhululekile, ikakhulu eFrance, lapho iNguquko yaseFrance yayiyihlukumeze ngokunamandla imibono evamile. Lapho, njengakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, iNguquko Yezezimboni yadala izinkinga zenhlalo ezibucayi. Abantu base bewulungele umbono wokuthi ubunikazi bengcebo bukawonk’ uwonke kunobomuntu siqu babuyokwenza uquqaba luhlanganyele kangcono ezithelweni zomsebenzi ohlanganyelwe.

Isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni asiwona umbono omusha. Izazi zefilosofi ezingamaGreki uAristotle noPlato zabhala ngaso. Kamuva, phakathi neNguquko YamaProthestani yekhulu le-16 leminyaka, uThomas Müntzer, umpristi othanda izinguquko ongumKatolika waseJalimane, wafuna umphakathi ongenazigaba. Kodwa imibono yakhe yayiphikisana, ikakhulu ukufuna kwakhe inguquko, uma kudingekile, ukuze afinyelele umgomo wakhe. Ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka, uRobert Owen waseWales, umFulentshi uÉtienne Cabet noPierre-Joseph Proudhon, nabanye abasekeli benguquko yezenhlalo abaningi, phakathi kwabo kunabefundisi abavelele, bafundisa ukuthi isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni sasimane siwubuKristu obubizwa ngelinye igama.

IZwe Lamaphupho LikaMarx NoMore

Kodwa “akekho kulabakhulumeli besimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni,” kusho isikhombo esishiwo ngenhla, “owaba nethonya elifana nalelo elasetshenziswa uKarl Marx, omibhalo yakhe yaba yindinganiso yokucabanga nokwenza yabasekeli besimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni.”a UMarx wafundisa ukuthi ngomzabalazo wezigaba, umlando uthuthuka kancane kancane; lapho nje isimiso sezombangazwe esifiselekayo sesitholakele, umlando ngaleyondlela uyophela. Lesimiso esifiselekayo siyoxazulula izinkinga zemiphakathi edlule. Wonke umuntu uyophila ngokuthula, ngenkululeko, nangokuchuma, engenaso isidingo sohulumeni noma amabutho empi.

Lokhu kuzwakala kufana ngokuphawulekayo nalokho isazi sezokuphathwa kwezwe saseBrithani uSir Thomas More akuchaza ngo-1516 encwadini yakhe ethi Utopia (IZwe Lamaphupho). Leligama, elingelesiGreki elaqanjwa uMore, lisho “indawo engekho” (ou-topos), futhi ngokunokwenzeka lalihloselwe ukutekula ngegama elifana nalo, elithi eu-topos, okusho “indawo enhle.” Izwe Lamaphupho uMore abhala ngalo laliyizwe elicatshangelwayo (indawo engekho), nokho, laliyizwe elingenasici (indawo enhle). Ngaleyondlela, igama elithi “Utopia” liye lachaza “indawo yokuphelela okungenasici ikakhulu emthethweni, kuhulumeni, nasezimweni zenhlalo.” Incwadi kaMore yayimangalela ngokucacile izimo ezingathandeki zezomnotho nezenhlalo ezazivamile ngesikhathi sakhe eYurophu, ikakhulu eNgilandi, futhi lokho kamuva kwanikela ekuthuthukeni kwesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni.

Imiqondo kaMarx yabonakalisa futhi imibono yesazi sefilosofi esingumJalimane uGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. NgokweDictionary of the History of Ideas, “isimo sesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni sikaMarx esiyisambulo, esifana nenkolo salolongwa ukubekwa ngenye indlela kwemfundiso yobuKristu eyisisekelo kaHegel engokwefilosofi.” Phezu kwalesisekelo “semfundiso yobuKristu eyisisekelo,” kuchaza umlobi uGeorg Sabine, uMarx wakha “isikhalo esinamandla ngokwedlulele, esisekelwe esibophweni esifana nenkolo. Kwakufana nesikhalo sokuzihlanganisa nomkhankaso wempucuko namalungelo.” Isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni sasiyigagasi lekusasa; abanye bacabanga ukuthi mhlawumbe kwakuwubuKristu buya ekunqobeni ngaphansi kwegama elisha!

Indlela Esuka Esimisweni Sokuzisebenzela Iya EZweni Lamaphupho

UMarx waphilela nje kuphela ukukhipha umqulu wokuqala womsebenzi wakhe iKapital. Eyokugcina emibili yahlelwa futhi yakhishwa ngo-1885 nango-1894 ngokulandelana yilowo ayesebenzelana naye ngokuseduze kakhulu, uFriedrich Engels, isazi sefilosofi yesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. IKapital yaqalisa ukuchaza isisekelo esingokomlando sesimiso sokuzisebenzela, isimiso sezomnotho esibonakalisa ukumelela uhulumeni wentando yeningi wohlobo lwaseNtshonalanga. Sisekelwe ohwebweni olungalawuliwe nokuncintisana ngaphandle kokulawula koMbuso, isimiso sokuzisebenzela njengoba sachazwa uMarx sigxile ebunikazini bezindlela zokukhiqiza nokusakaza ezandleni zabantu ngabanye nezinhlangano. NgokukaMarx, isimiso sokuzisebenzela siveza isigaba esiphakathi nesigaba sabasebenzayo, sivusa ubutha phakathi kwalezigaba ezimbili futhi siholela ekucindezelweni kwalesi esishiwo kamuva. Esebenzisa imisebenzi yezazi zezomnotho zobuorthodox ukuze asekele imibono yakhe, uMarx waphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sokuzisebenzela empeleni asihambisani nentando yeningi yokuthi isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni singesokugcina kohulumeni bentando yeningi, sizuzisa abantu ngokuthuthukisa ukulingana kwabantu nenkululeko.

Izwe lamaphupho lingafinyelelwa uma nje isigaba sabasebenzayo singavuka ngenguquko sizikhulule ekucindezeleni kwesigaba sosomabhizinisi, simise lokho uMarx akubiza ngokuthi “ubushiqela besigaba sabasebenzayo.” (Bheka ibhokisi, ikhasi 21.) Nokho, imibono yakhe yaya ithamba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Waqala ukuvumela imiqondo emibili yenguquko, enye yohlobo olunobudlova futhi enye yohlobo oluhlala njalo ngokwengeziwe oluthuthukayo. Lokhu kwaphakamisa umbuzo othakazelisayo.

IZwe Lamaphupho Ngendlela Yenguquko Esheshayo Noma Ehamba Kancane?

Elithi “ubukhomanisi” lisuselwa egameni lesiLatin elithi communis, elisho “okuvamile, okwawo wonke umuntu.” Njengesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, ubukhomanisi buthi uhwebo olukhululekile luholela ekuntulekeni kwemisebenzi, ubumpofu, ukuwa nokuvuka kwezohwebo, nezingxabano eziphathelene nokuphathwa kwezisebenzi. Ikhambi lalelizinkinga liwukwaba ingcebo yesizwe ngokulinganayo nangokufanele.

Kodwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, abalandeli bakaMarx base bengasavumelani kakade mayelana nokuthi zingafezwa kanjani leziziphetho okuvunyelwane ngazo. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1900, leyongxenye yenhlangano yesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni eyayiyilahla inguquko yobudlova futhi yathuthukisa ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso sasephalamende sentando yeningi yakhula ngamandla, iba yilokho manje osekuthiwa isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni sentando yeningi. Lesi isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni namuhla esitholakala kohulumeni bentando yeningi abanjengaseFederal Republic of Germany, eFrance naseBrithani. Ngazo zonke izinhloso nezinjongo, lamaqembu aye alahla ukucabanga kwangempela kobuMarx futhi amanye anesithakazelo ekudaleni isimo senhlala-kahle yezakhamuzi zawo.

Nokho, omunye umsekeli wobuMarx ozinikele owayekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi Izwe Lamaphupho lobukhomanisi lingafinyelelwa kuphela ngenguquko yobudlova kwakunguLenin. Izimfundiso zakhe, kanye nobuMarx, zisebenza njengesisekelo sobukhomanisi bobuorthodox bangesikhathi esifanayo. ULenin, okuyigama-mbumbulu likaVladimir Ilich Ulyanov, wazalwa ngo-1870 lapho manje osekuyiSoviet Union. Ngo-1889 waguqukela kubuMarx. Ngemva kuka-1900, ngemva kwesigwebo sokudingiselwa eSiberia, wahlala ikakhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Lapho ukubusa kwamakhosi kuketulwa, wabuyela eRashiya, wasungula iQembu LamaKhomanisi laseRashiya, futhi wahola iNguquko yamaBolshevik ka-1917. Kamuva wasebenza njengenhloko yokuqala yaseSoviet Union kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1924. Wabheka iQembu lamaKhomanisi njengeqembu eliqeqeshekile, elihlangene labasekeli benguquko abasebenza njengabakhulumeli besigaba sabasebenzayo. AmaMenshevik akwenqaba lokho.—Bheka ibhokisi, ikhasi 21.

Umugqa ohlukanisayo phakathi kwenguquko esheshayo nehamba kancane awusacacile kahle. Ngo-1978 incwadi ethi Comparing Political Systems: Power and Policy in Three Worlds yaphawula: “Ubukhomanisi buye baba mbaxa-mbili ngokwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi imigomo yabasekeli besimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni ingafinyelelwa kanjani. . . . Ukungafani phakathi kobuKhomanisi neSimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni Sentando Yeningi kuye kwancishiswa ngokuphawulekayo.” Manje, ngo-1990, lamazwi aba nencazelo eyengeziwe njengoba ubukhomanisi budlula ezinguqukweni ezinkulu eMpumalanga Yurophu.

UbuKhomanisi Bubuyisa Inkolo

“Sidinga izindinganiso ezingokomoya . . . Izindinganiso zokuziphatha inkolo eyaziqamba futhi yazisingatha amakhulukhulu eminyaka zingasiza emsebenzini wokuvuselela nasezweni lethu.” Bambalwa abantu ababecabanga ukuthi babeyoke bawezwe lamazwi ephuma emlonyeni kanobhala-jikelele weQembu LamaKhomanisi laseSoviet Union. Kodwa ngoNovember 30, 1989, uMikhail Gorbachev wamemezela lokhu kuguquka okuphelele kwesimo sengqondo ngasenkolweni phakathi nokuvakashela kwakhe eItaly.

Ingabe lokhu mhlawumbe kuyawusekela umqondo wokuthi amaKristu okuqala ngokwawo ayengamakhomanisi, eqhuba isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni sobuKristu? Abantu abathile bayakusho lokhu, bekhomba kuzEnzo 4:32 ethi ngamaKristu eJerusalema: “Bakuhlanganyela konke.” Nokho, ukuphenya kwembula ukuthi lokhu kwakuyilungiselelo lesikhashana nje elalilethwe izimo ezingalindelekile, kwakungesona isimiso “sobuKristu” sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Ngoba babehlanganyela izinto ezibonakalayo ngendlela yothando, “kwakungekho oswelayo phakathi kwabo.” Yebo, “kwaba-yilowo nalowo wabelwa njengokuswela kwakhe.”—IzEnzo 4:34, 35.

I“Glasnost” Ne“Perestroika”

Kusukela ezinyangeni zokugcina zika-1989, iSoviet Union nohulumeni abawozakwabo bobuKhomanisi baseMpumalanga Yurophu babenokuhlangenwe nakho kokunyakaziswa kwezombangazwe okudida ingqondo. Ngosizo lwenqubo yeglasnost, noma ukuvuleka, lezinguquko ziye zabonwa yibo bonke. AbaseMpumalanga Yurophu baye bafuna izinguquko ezifinyelela kude lezo, ngezinga elithile, eziye zanikezwa. Abaholi bobukhomanisi baye basivuma isidingo sesimiso esinobuntu nesinozwela ngokwengeziwe futhi baye bafuna “ukuvuselelwa kwesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni ngesimo esihlukile, esiphucuzeke nesiphumelela ngokwengeziwe,” njengoba esinye isazi sezomnotho sasePoland sakubeka.

Ovelele phakathi kwalabaholi kuye kwaba uGorbachev, lowo, ngemuva kancane kokuba ethathe amandla okubusa ngo-1985, owangenisa umbono weperestroika (ukwakha kabusha). Phakathi nokuhambela kwakhe eItaly, wavikela iperestroika njengebalulekile ukuze ihlangabezane nezinselele zawo-1990. Wathi: “Ngemva kokugxila endleleni yenguquko esheshayo, amazwe esimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni eqa umugqa okungekho ukuhlehla kuwo kubuyelwe esikhathini esidlule. Noma kunjalo, kuyiphutha ukugcizelela, njengoba abaningi eNtshonalanga benza, ekutheni lokhu kuwukuwohloka kwesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Ngokuphambene, kusho ukuthi inqubo yesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni emhlabeni iyophishekela intuthuko yayo eyengeziwe ngezinhlobo eziningi.”

Ngakho-ke abaholi bobuKhomanisi abakulungele ukuvumelana nokusikisela okwenziwa ngonyaka odlule yintatheli uCharles Krauthammer, owabhala: “Umbuzo omi njalo oye wahlupha noma yisiphi isazi sefilosofi yezombangazwe kusukela kuPlato—iluphi uhlobo olungcono kakhulu lukahulumeni?—uye waphendulwa. Ngemva kwezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zeminyaka kuzanywa lonke uhlobo lwesimiso sezombangazwe, siphetha lenkulungwane yeminyaka sinolwazi oluqinisekile lokuthi kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wenkululeko yamalungelo abantu, odidiyela izinhlanga nemibono nezimfundiso futhi ongowesimiso sokuzisebenzela sikutholile lokho ebesikufuna.”

Nokho, iphephandaba lesiJalimane iZeit liwuvuma ngokusobala umfanekiso odabukisayo uhulumeni wentando yeningi wohlobo lwaseNtshonalanga owuvezayo, lidonsela ukunakekela “ekuntulekeni kwemisebenzi, ukusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala nemilaliso, ubufebe, ukungafezwa kwezinhlelo zezenhlalo, ukwehla kwentela nezikweletu,” bese libuza: “Ingabe ngempela lokhu kuwumphakathi ophelele oye wanqoba phakade phezu kwesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni?”

Isaga esijwayelekile sithi idumbe akufanele lihleke isifumbu. Luhlobo luni lukahulumeni olungaba nesibindi sokugxeka ubuthakathaka bomunye? Amaqiniso abonisa ukuthi uhulumeni ophelele wesintu—Izwe Lamaphupho—awukho. Izazi zezombangazwe zisalokhu ziyifuna “indawo enhle.” Isalokhu “iyindawo engekho.”

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 21]

AMAGAMA OMBUSO WESIMISO SOKUSEBENZELA UHULUMENI NOBUKHOMANISI

AMABOLSHEVIK/AMAMENSHEVIK: ISocial Democratic Labor Party yaseRashiya eyaqanjwa ngo-1898 yahlukana yaba amaqembu amabili ngo-1903; amaBolshevik, ngokwezwi nezwi, “amalungu eningi,” ngaphansi kukaLenin, ayethanda ukuligcina lilincane leliqembu, nesibalo esilinganiselwe sabasekeli benguquko ababeqeqeshwe kahle; amaMenshevik, okusho ukuthi “amalungu engcosana,” ayethanda iqembu elinamalungu amaningi asebenzisa izindlela zikahulumeni wentando yeningi.

IBOURGEOISIE/IPROLETARIAT: UMarx wafundisa ukuthi iproletariat (isigaba sabasebenzayo) yayizoyiketula ibourgeoisie (isigaba esiphakathi, kuhlanganise nabanikazi bamafekthri), imise “ubushiqela beproletariat” ngaleyondlela iveze umphakathi ongenazigaba.

ICOMINTERN: Isifingqo selithi Communist International (noma, iThird International) inhlangano eyamiswa uLenin ngo-1919 ukuze ithuthukise ubukhomanisi; yaphela ngo-1943, yayandulelwe yiFirst International (1864-76), eyasungula amaqembu amaningi aseYurophu esimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, neSecond International (1889-1919), iphalamende lezizwe zonke lamaqembu esimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni.

ICOMMUNIST MANIFESTO: Amazwi kaMarx noEngels ango-1848 emithetho eyinhloko yesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni esingokwesayensi eyasebenza isikhathi eside njengesisekelo samaqembu aseYurophu eSimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni nobuKhomanisi.

IEUROCOMMUNISM: UbuKhomanisi bamaqembu obuKhomanisi Asentshonalanga Yurophu; angekho ngaphansi kokuhola kweSoviet futhi azimisele ukukhonza kohulumeni abahlangene, buphikisa ngokuthi “ubushiqela beproletariat” abusadingekile.

ISCIENTIFIC/UTOPIAN SOCIALISM: Amagama asetshenziswa uMarx ukuze ehlukanise phakathi kwezimfundiso zakhe, okuthiwa zazisekelwe ekuhlolweni komlando okungokwesayensi nokusebenza kwesimiso sokuzisebenzela nezimfundiso zesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni Zamaphupho ngokuphelele zabangaphambi kwakhe.