Ingilazi Enombala—Kusukela Endulo Kuze Kube Manje

NJENGOBA imisebe yelanga lasekuseni iqala ukuhlaba emkhathini, indoda eyayisanda kuvuka yabona imibala ekhazimulayo efana namatshe ayigugu ingena ngewindi elinengilazi enombala. Lokho kubenyezela okufudumele kwabangela isimo sokuthula esenza ukucabanga nokuzindla kube lula.

Ingabe lendoda yayizé esontweni izothandaza yase ifikelwa ubuthongo? Cha, yayisekusithekeni kwekamelo layo lokulala futhi ingomunye wabanini-khaya abandayo abahlobisa izindlu zabo ngamawindi anengilazi enombala, mhlawube enziwe umnini-khaya ngokwakhe.

“IBhayibheli Labampofu”

Nakuba imibhalo yamawindi anemifanekiso enziwe ngengilazi enemibala isukela emuva ekhulwini lesi-⁠9, kwakungekhulu le-12, ngokuvela kwezindlu zamasonto zamaJalimane, lapho loluhlobo lobuciko lwachuma khona. Lezizakhiwo ezinkulu zamatshe, eziphakathi kwezakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu ezingazodwa ezakhiwa kusukela kwaba nemibhoshongo yaseGibithe, zaklanyelwa ukuhlalisa ngokukhululeka ngesikhathi esisodwa bonke abantu basedolobheni, ezinye zazo abakhulekeli abangafinyelela ku-10 000.

Isici esivelele sesakhiwo samaJalimane kwakuyisimo sesakhiwo nokuphakama okweqile, ngaphakathi kusukela kumamitha angu-27 kuya kwangu-46 ukuphakama. Izinhlaka ezinkulu zengilazi efana namatshe ayigugu zazikhanyisa lezozakhiwo ezinkulu, nakuba kwakungagqami kakhulu, kanjalo zakhe indawo esithekile, enesithunzi yabakhulekeli.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, amawindi afeza enye injongo. Njengoba abaningi babantu babengakwazi ukufunda, iwindi elinemifanekiso laliyindlela yokujwayelanisa abantu nezenzakalo eziseBhayibhelini, kanye nezimfundiso zesonto. Amawindi aziwa ngokuthi iBiblia pauperum, noma “IBhayibheli Labampofu.”

EChartres, idolobha elingamakhilomitha angu-77 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeParis, kunesonto elihlala umbhishobhi elineqoqo elikhulu lamawindi akuqala asukela cishe ku-1150 kuya ku-1240, angaphezu kuka-170 awo asaphelele. Elinye eliphawuleka kakhulu, “Isihlahla SikaJese,” lifanekisela uhlu lozalo lukaJesu oluqala kuyise kaDavide, uJese. Imifanekiso yenkonzo kaJesu nomfanekiso wakhe womSamariya olungileyo, isicebi noLazaru, nowendodana yolahleko nayo futhi ibonisiwe engilazini. Eminye imifanekiso ixoxa indaba ngochungechunge lwamawindi amancane abizwa ngokuthi amamedallion. Njengoba uMariya edunyiswa iSonto lamaRoma Katolika, usemawindini amaningi futhi umelelwa igama elathathwa kubahedeni basendulo: “Indlovukazi Yezulu.”a

Ubuciko Buyancipha

Ekuqaleni lobuciko babuhilela ukusetshenziswa kukapende onsundu obizwa ngokuthi igrisaille ukuze kugcwaliswe imininingwane enjengezici zobuso, iminwe, nemifingcizo yezingubo. Kancane kancane, imininingwane engaphezu kwedingekayo yaqala ukufakwa, futhi njengoba opende abanemibala babevela, ingilazi engenambala yasetshenziswa abapendi bengilazi. Nokho, ukupendwa kwengilazi okuwumphumela, kwantula ubucwazicwazi nobuhle bobuciko basendulo.

Phakathi nekhulu le-14, usizi lwesifo iBlack Death lwadlanga kulo lonke elaseYurophu, lwabhubhisa bonke ubuciko. Ulwazi oluningi lobuciko bokwenza ingilazi enemibala lwanyamalala. Izindela zohlelo lweCistercian zawenqabela lamawindi anemifanekiso egqamile, ziqhubekisela phambili ukwehla kwalobuciko. Lezizici zabangela umsebenzi wokwenza ingilazi enemibala ube ubuciko obulahlekile ekupheleni kwekhulu le-⁠17.

Ekhulwini le-19, ngokubuyiselwa kwamasonto amaJalimane, kwaba nesithakazelo esivuselelwe engilazini enemibala. Kanjalo kwaqala inhlangano eyaziwa ngokuthi Revival Gothic, okwathi ngesikhathi sayo izakhiwo ezintsha, zenkolo nezivamile, zakhiwa ngaleyondlela. Zazivame ukuhlanganisa namawindi anengilazi enemibala emklamweni wazo.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kobuchwepheshe

Ukuze sikuqonde okuhilelekile kulobuciko osebuneminyaka eyinkulungwane, ake siqhathanise ubuchwepheshe bezingcweti zakuqala nalobo bezanamuhla.

Inqubo eyisisekelo, ehlanganisa ukusika ingilazi ukuphetha amachopho ngomthofi, nokuwahlanganisa ngokuwashisela, iye yahlala ifana. Okokuqala, kwakudwetshwa umfanekiso, kucatshangelwa imingcele ekusikeni ingilazi ibe isimo esithile nokushiywa kwezindawo zokufaka umthofi. Ukufakwa komthofi kwakwenzelwa ukukhulisa kunokunciphisa ukubonakala kwayo lapho iwindi seliphelile.

ULouis C. Tiffany (U.S.A., 1848-1933), iciko lokwenza ingilazi enemibala ngokwendlela yeArt Nouveau, waziswa kakhulu ngokuqalisa ukusetshenziswa kocwecwe lwethusi ukuze kuzongolozelwe izingcezu zengilazi, okuphumela ekushiseleni okuhle kunomthofi nasemkhiqizweni oqinile. Lolucwecwe lugobeka kalula futhi lwaluvame ukusetshenziswa ekwenzeni imipheme yezibani ngokwendlela kaTiffany yakuqala.

Kunezingcezu ezincane kuphela zengilazi ezazitholakala, imisebenzi yakuqala yayibukeka njengengilazi eshintsha imibala. Kamuva, lapho kusetshenziswa izingcwecwe ezinkudlwana lokhu kubukeka okungavamile kwalahleka. Ngokuqondene nokusika okungokoqobo, osebenza ngengilazi wayedweba umfanekiso engilazini enze umugqa omuhle ngoketshezi. Khona-ke wayehambisa insimbi eshisayo phezu komugqa, ethemba ukuthi ingilazi izoqhephuka ngendlela ehleliwe. Ithuluzi lensimbi lokusika ingilazi lalisetshenziselwa ukuncwela amachopho kuze kube yilapho lolocezu lulingana ncamashí nomfanekiso. Ecabangela lamathuluzi akuqala, umuntu akanakuhlala engamangali ngomsebenzi wokwenza iwindi elinesilinganiso samamitha angu-⁠7,6 aphindwe ngamamitha angu-⁠2,7, “[njenge]Sihlahla SikaJese” esiphawulwe ngaphambili. Namuhla, amasondo okusika nemishini yokuhhudla kagesi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusikwa kwemifanekiso eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ingilazi yekhulu le-12 leminyaka inogqinsi olungalingani nobuso obungaqondile. Kuhlangene nezinguquko ezazibangelwa isikhathi nesimo sezulu, izinto ezigobisa imisebe ekukhanyeni ezinalamaphutha ziye zenza ukuba amawindi alesikhathi abe mahle ngokukhethekile.

Ukukhethwa kwemibala nesimo sangaphandle sengilazi namuhla kukhulu kakhulu kunalokho kwamaciko asendulo, ayesebenza kakhulu ngemibala ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Uma kufiswa umfanekiso ongokoqobo, ingcweti yanamuhla ingakhetha ingilazi enamanzi agelezayo ukuze ifanekise ichibi, enemithende eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nemhlophe ukuze ifanekise isibhakabhaka, noma ingilazi ensundu enezinhlayiya ukuze ifanekisele isiqu somuthi.

Akuseyona Eyamasonto Kuphela

Eminyakeni yamuva ingilazi enemibala iye yavela kabusha futhi ayisagcini ezindabeni zenkolo emafasiteleni esonto. Abaklami bezakhiwo bafaka amafasitela anengilazi enemibala namafasitela asophahleni ezakhiweni ezintsha. IHholo Lomhlangano LoFakazi BakaJehova eNew Jersey, U.S.A., nalo linomsebenzi wengilazi enemibala owenziwa oFakazi. Izitolo zokudlela zivame ukuba naloluhlobo lobuciko njengengxenye yomhlobiso, okwenza kube nesimo esijabulisayo sendawo yokudlela. Kutholakala imiklamo eminingi, efanekisa amaqele, izinyoni, izimbali, nezinye izinto ezingezona ezenkolo.

Izindawo zobuciko ziyasungulwa emadolobheni amaningi, lapho amawindi, amakhabethe, izibani, izibuko, amabhokisi okufaka amatshe ayigugu, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi zokuhlobisa kodwa ezisebenzayo zenziwa khona. Ngezifundo ezimbalwa nje, ngokuvamile ezinikezwa kwenye yalezindawo zobuciko, noma ngisho nencwadi yokufunda, umuntu angabujabulela lobuciko bokwenza izinto ekhaya.

Ngakho ngesikhathi esizayo lapho uncoma ifasitela noma into eyenziwe ngengilazi enemibala, ungase uqaphele lokhu njengobuciko obunomlando wesikhathi eside futhi obuthandwa kakhulu manje kunanini ngaphambili.​—⁠Inikelwe.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 23]

“ISihlahla SikaJese” endlini yesonto yaseChartres, eFrance

[Umthombo]

Notre-Dame de Chartres, eChartres, eFrance

[Isithombe ekhasini 24]

Imininingwane ivela emifanekisweni yamaQele Ekwindla nguTiffany (iwindi) ngenhla; amawindi enziwe ngengilazi enemibala, iHholo LoMhlangano LoFakazi BakaJehova, eDolobheni laseJersey, eNew Jersey, U.S.A. (ngakwesokhohlo)

[Umthombo]

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Robert W. de Forest, 1925. (25.173)