Izinkumbulo—Ngokuthinta Nje Inkinobho!
Ugijimela esitolo sokugeza izithombe sendawo ukuze ulande lezozithombe ezinhle ozithathe eholidini lakho eledlule. Kodwa yeka ukuthi zidumaza kanjani! Ezinye izithombe zimnyama, ezinye zishile noma azithathekanga kahle. ‘Iphutha lekhamera!’ kusho wena ngokukhu-ngatheka. Kodwa ingabe ngempela iphutha lekhamera? Noma elomthwebuli wezithombe?
UMSHADO wakho, izindawo ezinhle oye wazivakashela, abangane bakho abaye bathuthela kude nawe, ogogo nomkhulu kanye nezinye izihlobo, ukuqala ukucathula komntanakho—zonke lezinkumbulo zingagcinwa efilimini ngokuthinta nje inkinobho. Nokho, yeka ukuthi kudumaza kanjani lapho izithombe zakho zingaphumi kahle—noma zingaphumi nhlobo! Cha, ngokunokwenzeka ikhamera entsha ayisilo ikhambi. Isihluthulelo sokuphumelela siwukuba nobuciko bezimiso eziyisisekelo zokuthwebula izithombe.
Ikhamera Isebenza Kanjani?
Uma kubekwa ngendlela elula, ikhamera iyibhokisi elingangeni ukukhanya “elineso,” ilens, okungena ngayo ukukhanya futhi iqondiswe ukuze yakhe umfanekiso efilimini. Ifilimu inamakhemikhali azwela ukukhanya okufanele amukele ukukhanya okwanele ukuze acace kahle. Lapho kunokukhanya okuningi kakhulu izithombe zakho zibonakala zishile. Lapho kukuncane kakhulu izithombe zakho ziba mnyama kakhulu.
Lapho uthwebula isithombe sakho, isivalo seso lekhamera (shutter) sivuleka ingxenyana yomzuzwana, sivumele ukuba kwakheke umfanekiso efilimini yakho. Ngakho enye indlela yokulawula ukucaca kwefilimu yakho iwukuqondisa ukuthi lesosivalo sivuleke isikhathi eside kangakanani. Osukwini olubalele kahle isithombe esikahle singathathwa ngesivinini sokuvaleka kwesivalo esingu-1/125 ngomzuzwana. Amakhamera amaningi anezivinini ezihlukahlukene zokuvaleka kwesivalo, kodwa ngokuvamile kufanele usebenzise isivinini sokuvaleka kwesivalo seso lekhamera ngokuvumelana nesilinganiso sokukhanya. Lapho isivalo sivuleka isikhathi eside ngokwengeziwe, kulapho kunokwenzeka khona ngokwengeziwe ukuba isithombe sakho sibe lufifi ngenxa yokunyakaza kwekhamera. Ezimweni ezidinga ukucophelela lokhu kungavinjelwa ngokubeka ikhamera phezu kwesisekelo esinemilenze emithathu futhi kudedelwe isivalo ngecable noma iwashi elibala isikhathi sekhamera.
Enye indlela yokulawula ukucaca kwefilimu iwukushintsha ubukhulu besikhala sengilazi esingenisa ukukhanya (lens aperture) (esibizwa futhi ngokuthi if-stop). Lokhu kungaqhathaniswa nokuvulwa kweso lakho kakhulu, livalwe kancane, noma lififiyele. Kulawula isilinganiso sokukhanya okungenayo. Amalens amaningi anendawo yesikhathi esinezinombolo ezahlukahlukene, noma amaf-stop, ongakhetha kuzo. Lapho iaperture inkulu ngokwengeziwe, kulapho kungena khona ukukhanya okwengeziwe futhi nefilimu ikhanya kakhulu. Okudida abaqalayo, izinombolo zef-stop zibonisa okuphambene nesilinganiso sesikhala. Ngokwesibonelo, uf-2,8 uyisikhala esikhulu; uf-32 isikhala esincane. Amakhamera amaningi manje asenezici ezinjengokulawula isilinganiso sokuvuleka kwesivalo okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokubalwa kwezilinganiso zokukhanya okwakhelwe ngaphakathi ezikutshela ngokuqonde ngqo ukuthi uzibeke kuphi izinombolo. Ngempela, kwamanye amakhamera awumshini ozishintshayo ngokugcwele, zonke izilinganiso uyazenzelwa. Amakhamera anjalo angase ngisho akuqondisele iso lekhamera!
Iyiphi Ifilimu Okufanele Uyikhethe?
Njengamakhamera, kunezinhlobonhlobo zamafilimu ashintsha njalo ezitholakalayo. Ifilimu yamanegative ezithombe ezinombala ogqamile isetshenziselwa ukwenza izithombe ezinombala ogqamile. Lawa kulula ukusebenza ngawo futhi ngokuqhathaniswa kushibhile ukwenza amanye kuwo noma ukuwakhulisa. Enye inzuzo iwukuthi ngenxa yenkululeko enkulu ayinikezayo, noma izinhlobonhlobo zokukhanya, ngisho nenegative engacacile kahle iyoveza isithombe esamukelekayo. Amafilimu emibala ashintshekayo asetshenziselwa ukwenza amaslide. Nokho, ukuze uwajabulele kuyodingeka futhi ukuba uthenge umshini wokudlalisa amaslide kanye nesihenqo. Amaslide awakuvumeli ukwenza amaphutha futhi afuna ukuba unembe kakhulu ekuqondiseni ukukhanya okungenayo. Nokho, ungathola izithombe ezinhle kuwo.
Amafilimu ayahlukahluka ngokwesivinini sawo (ukuzwela ukukhanya) futhi alinganiswa ngezinombolo zeISO noma iASA.a Manje aphansi kangangokuba afinyelela kuISO 25 futhi amanye aphakeme aze afinyelela kuISO 3200. Ifilimu ekahle yenjongo evamile ingaba uISO 100 Daylight, njengoba lefilimu enesivinini esiphakathi isebenza kahle ezithombeni ezivamile ezithathwa emini. Ifilimu i-ISO 400 enesivinini esikhudlwana isebenza kahle ezimweni ezinokukhanya okuncane, njengantambama, ezinsukwini eziguqubele, nasendlini. Nokho, ngokomthetho ovamile, lapho ifilimi ingasheshi, kulapho iveza khona imininingwane kakhulu. Ifilimu esheshayo ithambekela ekuvezeni amachashaza amancane ezithombeni ezikhulisiwe.
Uma ikhamera yakho inento yokukhetha isivinini sefilimu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uyibeke enombolweni efanele yeISO noma iASA. Manje kuza iphuzu elibalulekile:
Indlela Yokwenza Isithombe Esihle
Izimfunda eziningi zithatha izithombe ngekhamera encane ezingathathwa ngobuciko. Zibhekisa ikhamera kulokho ezikuthathayo bese zithatha. Umthwebuli wezithombe onobunyoninco uthatha isikhathi esithile futhi acabangisise bese enza isithombe. Uyasakha. Ukubeka lokho okuthathayo noma into ekuthakazelisayo endaweni efanele kuthiwa kuwukwakha isithombe. Cha, ukubeka lokho okuthathayo phakathi nendawo akuyona ngempela indlela engcono kakhulu. Qaphela ukuthi kanjani, esibonelweni esinikezwe lapha (ikhasi 26), lokho okuthathwayo kungabukeka kuthakazelisa kakhulu lapho kuqheliswa kancane phakathi nendawo—ake sithi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ebangeni elisukela phezulu noma ohlangothini lwesithombe. Lokhu kuthiwa ukusebenzisa umthetho wesigamu sesithathu.
Kubalulekile futhi ukukhetha lokho okuthathayo ezintweni ezizungezile. Indawo ezungezile eminyene noma ematasatasa, ingaphazamisa amehlo obukayo kulokho okuthwetshulwayo. Ingabe kunodonga olunombala ogqamile noma ezinye izinto ezizungezile ezingaphazamisi ezingasetshenziswa ekumiseni abantu? Uma indawo ezungezile efanelekayo ingenakutholakala, lungisa indawo engenisa ukukhanya ivuleke kakhudlwana (inombolo encane yef-stop). Lokhu kuyokwenza lokho okuthwebulayo kubonakale ngokucacile, kodwa kuyokwenza indawo ezungezile ifiphale.—Bheka isibonelo, ekhasini 24.
Ukuze uqikelele ukuthi isithombe siphuma kahle, ungathatha futhi ezinye izithombe ezimbili ngokusetha ikhamera ngezindlela eziphambene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma uthatha isithombe sakho kuf-8 no-1/125 ngomzuzu, ungathatha futhi esinye ngof-5,6 nof-11 ngesivinini esifanayo. Ngalendlela, uyokwazi ukukhetha ukukhanya okufanele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ufuna ukuthatha izinto eziningi ezizungeze into oyithathayo, khona-ke thatha ezinye izithombe ezimbili ngokwandisa noma ngokunciphisa isivinini sokuvaleka kweso lekhamera (1/60, 1/125, no-1/250 ngomzuzu) kuyilapho ungalishintshi izinga lef-stop.
Ukukhanya nakho kubalulekile. Uma kwenzeka ukuba indawo ezungezile ikhanye kakhulu noma kube nokukhanya okunamandla ngemuva kwalokho okuthwebulayo (iqhwa, ulwandle oluhlatshwe ilanga, noma ibhishi), lokhu kungayidida ikhamera yakho futhi kubangele ukuba isithombe singacaci. Liyini ikhambi? Sondela eduze nalokho okuthwebulayo, bese ukhetha isilinganiso esifanele sokukhanya. Bese uphindela emuva endaweni obumi kuyo kuqala, bese uthwebula isithombe sakho endaweni ekhethiwe. Abathwebuli abanokuhlangenwe nakho ngokuvamile basebenzisa iflash ye-electronic emini njengokukhanyisa okubanika kakhulu okususa amathunzi abangelwa ukukhanya okukhulu okuvela ngemuva noma ithunzi elikhulu.
Ilanga elikhanya kakhulu, eliphakeme elihlaba othwetshulwayo phezu kwekhanda (noma ngokuqondile ngemuva) lingaveza amathunzi amabi ngaphansi kwamehlo akhe, ikhala, nesilevu. Uma kunjalo, beka lowo omthathayo ethunzini noma usebenzise iflash ebanika kakhulu. Ungaze ngisho wenze ukuba ilanga libe ngemuva noma eceleni kwalowo omthwebulayo ukuze uveze ikhanda elizungezwe ukukhanya njengoba ilanga ligqamisa izinwele zalowomuntu, uma nje ilanga lingakhanyi ngokuqonde ngqo kuyilens yekhamera yakho.
Iflash ye-electronic inokulinganiselwa kwayo, njengoba amaflash amaningi esebenza nje okungenani ebangeni lamamitha angu-10 kuphela. Khona-ke, ukuzama ukuthatha isithombe ngeflash esiteji senkundla (njengasemhlanganweni wamaKristu) noma isakhiwo esiphakeme sasedolobheni kungamane nje kuqede ibhethri yakho. Iflash eqondile ivame ukwakha amathunzi noma igqamise amabala obuso. Liyini ikhambi? Zama ukuvala iflash yakho (hhayi ilens) ngetissue noma iduku ukuze unciphise izindawo ezigqama kakhulu, noma uqondise iflash ophahleni olumhlophe. Lokhu kuyodinga futhi nokucatshangelwa kokucaca kwesithombe. Ungabeka lowo omthwebulayo endaweni ethé ukuba mnyama ukuze unciphise amathunzi.
Okwenza amehlo abe bomvu kungenye into eyinqaba yokuthwebula izithombe ngeflash, ikakhulukazi ngamakhamera aneflash eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Uma ungeke ukwazi ukuhlukanisa ikhamera yakho neflash (njengokubeka into esasisekelo sokubeka ikhamera), khona-ke yenza ukuba lowo omthwebulayo abheke kuqala ekukhanyeni okukhulu ukuze amehlo anganwebeki lapho uthatha isithombe. Noma yenza lowo omthwebulayo agweme ukubheka ilens yekhamera ngokuqondile.
Izithombe Ezembulayo
Isithombe esihle senza okungaphezu nje kokuveza izici zobuso bomuntu. Singenza uqonde ubuntu bomuntu nohlobo lomuntu ayilo. Ukuze uveze izithombe ezinjalo ezinhle, kumelwe ube uchwepheshe wemininingwane yobuciko bokuthwebula izithombe. Ngalendlela ungagxila kulowo omthwebulayo, hhayi emshinini wakho wekhamera.
Okokuqala, yenza ukuba lowo omthwebulayo akhululeke. Sebenzisa ilens yekhamera yemifanekiso emikhulu ukuze uthwebule isithombe esibonisa eduze ngaphandle kokusondeza leyokhamera esabekayo. Umculo ofanelekile wenza umuntu akhululeke. Ukukhuluma kungenye indlela yokusiza lowo omthwebulayo akhohlwe ikhamera futhi abe nokubukeka okungokwemvelo. Sebenzisa imibuzo ukuze umenze axoxe futhi uvuse imizwa ofuna ukuba ivele. Ekuthwebuleni izithombe zezingane, kwenze kube umdlalo noma uxoxe ngendaba ethile. Benze banganaki futhi badlale. Izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha isimo esingokoqobo zingamsiza futhi lowo omthwebulayo.
Isithombe seqembu asisho ngempela ukuhlelwa kwawo wonke umuntu ukuba ame emgqeni ohlelekile. Banikeze into ezokwenza isimo sibe ngokoqobo—isihlalo esisodwa noma ezimbili—bese ubahlela basizungeze, mhlawumbe babe unxantathu. Akudingekile ukuba wonke umuntu amoyizelele ikhamera. Manje sibhekisise kahle isimo ngaphambi kokuba ucindezele inkinobho. Ingabe izingubo nezinwele kume kahle? Ingabe kunezinto ezizungezile eziphazamisayo? Ingabe indlela ikhamera eme ngayo izowafihla amaphutha? (Ikhamera emiswe ngaphansana nje kobuso inganciphisa ikhala elide noma ingagqamisi izinwele ezihlehlayo.) Manje qhubeka uthathe izithombe eziningana, futhi lapho seziphumile, khetha esingcono kakhulu.
Ngomzamo omncane nje—nokuprakthiza—ikhamera yakho ingakulethela injabulo enkulu futhi ikusize ukuba ugcine izinkumbulo ezaziswa kakhulu, izinkumbulo ezigcinwa ngokuthinta nje ngobuciko inkinobho yekhamera yakho!
[Umbhalo waphansi]
a Elithi ISO liwukufushaniswa kweInternational Standards Organization; elithi ASA, limelela iAmerican Standards Association. Ezingxenyeni zeYurophu, kusetshenziswa nelithi DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm). Ifilimu ehlelwe ngokuthi uISO 100/21 iwuASA 100, noma u-21 DIN.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 26]
Ezinye Izindlela Zokugwema Izithombe Ezidumazayo
1. Funda futhi ulandele ngokucophelela iziyalezo zekhamera.
2. Qikelela ukuthi isivinini sefilimu siqondile.
3. Qikelela ukuthi ilens neflash akuvaliwe iminwe yakho noma isivalo selens.
4. Yakha futhi usikhiphe kahle isithombe sakho ngokushintsha indawo ome kuyo noma ukusebenzisa izoom lens.
5. Bamba ikhamera inganyakazi, bese ucindezela inkinobho evula isikhala sokukhanya.
[Izithombe ekhasini 24]
Indawo engenisa ukukhanya evuleke kakhulu (i“f-stop” ephansi) ikhetha imbali ezintweni eziyizungezile; indawo engenisa ukukhanya evuleke kancane yenza lokho okuthathwayo kanye nendawo ezungezile kubonakale kahle
[Izithombe ekhasini 25]
I“flash” ebanika kakhulu isiza emathunzini amnyama esithombe esithathelwa phezulu
[Isithombe ekhasini 26]
Ngokusebenzisa lendlela eyodwa, “umthetho wesigamu sesithathu,” into ethakazelisayo iyaqheliswa phakathi nendawo yesithombe