Ingculaza—Ukubulala Kwayo Izingane Ngokudabukisayo
INGABE uke wazibona izithombe zazo? Ingabe uke wezwa noma wafunda izindaba eziphathelene nazo? Uma uke wakwenza, ingabe kwakuhlasimulisa umzimba? Ingabe wakwazi ukubamba izinyembezi noma ukungafikelwa umunyu? Ingabe inhliziyo yakho isakhathazekile ngenxa yazo? Ingabe usakuzwa ukuquma kwalezo esezizokufa zingabonwa? Ngisho namanje, ingabe uyakwazi ukuzikhohlwa izimo ezidabukisayo zezinsana ezifayo—ezimbili, ezintathu, nezine embhedeni owodwa? Eziningi zazo zazishiywe dengwane. Ukugula kanye nokufa kwazo kubangelwa yilesifo esinesihluku manje esidlange emhlabeni wonke—ingculaza!
NgoFebruary 1990 imibiko kanye nemifanekiso engokoqobo eboniswa kuthelevishini evela kwelinye lamazwe aseYurophu yashaqisa izibukeli ezingamashumi ezigidi. Emhlabeni wonke, izigidi ezengeziwe zifunda ngalolusizi emaphephandabeni nakomagazini. Umagazini iTime wabika: “Okubonayo kwenza isicanucanu futhi kuyethusa. Emibhedeni ngemibhede kulele abantwana kanye nezingane ezisacathula ezibukeka njengabantu abadala, isikhumba sazo sishwabene, iziqhomo zazo zinikeza uphawu olungangabazeki lokufa okusondelayo.” “Kubi ngaphezu kwanoma yini engake ngayibona,” kusho omunye udokotela ngokudabuka. “Ngokusobala, lona umqedazwe odluliselwa ngezenzo zezokwelapha.”
Kwenzeka kanjani lokho? Ngokungafani nabantwana abaningi abanengculaza abazalwa benegciwane layo belithatha komama abanengculaza, lezingane azizalwanga zineHIV. Lolusizi lwaba khona ngemva kokuzalwa lapho izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa ezibuthakathaka noma ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi zimpontshelwa igazi ngenkolelo yokuthi lalizoqinisa izinsana ezingenamandla—okuwumkhuba ochwepheshe bezokwelapha abawulahla kudala. Omunye udokotela wathi: “Umthekelisi oyedwa wegazi one-HIV kungenzeka wathelela izingane ezingu-10, 12 noma ngaphezulu.”
UDkt. Jacques Lebas, umongameli wenhlangano yezenhlala-kahle eseParis ebizwa ngokuthi oDokotela Bomhlaba wathi: “Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni wengculaza, sibhekene ngqó nengculaza yezingane. Iwumqedazwe.”
Ngokwesibonelo, ngoSeptember 1990, ngokokuqala ngqá, iWHO (World Health Organization [iNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo]) yakhipha ubufakazi obushaqisayo obadala umqedazwe womhlaba wonke wengculaza ezinganeni. IWHO yabika ukuthi igciwane elibangela iSifo Sokwehluleka Komzimba Ukuzivikela cishe ngonyaka ka-2000 liyongena izigidi eziyishumi zezingane. “Iningi lazo liyobe selibe neNgculaza futhi lafa ngonyaka ka-2000,” kusho uDkt. Michael Merson, umqondisi wesimiso senhlangano yomhlaba wonke sokulwa nengculaza. Kuyo yonke ingxenye yokugcina ka-1990, isigamu sesithathu sezigidi ezingu-1,2 zabantu abalinganiselwa ukuthi banengculaza esibonakala ngokuphelele kukholelwa ukuthi esezingane ezithintekile ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyisihlanu ubudala.
Ingabe kuyamangalisa ukuthi ukusakazeka kobhadane lwengculaza kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi isibhadalala? Ngasekupheleni kuka-1992, cishe izinsana eziyizigidi ezine ziyobe zizelwe omama abanegciwane leHIV. Izingane ezine kwezinhlanu ezizalwa zinegciwane ziba nengculaza onyakeni wazo wesihlanu. Lapho sezinengculaza, ngokuvamile zifa onyakeni owodwa noma emibili, uDkt. Merson watshela abacosheli bezindaba ababehlangene eGeneva.
Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi ngo-1992 kuyoba neziguli eziphethwe ingculaza ezingu-150-000 kwabesifazane baseAfrika kuphela kanti ezinye iziguli ezingu-130 000 ziyoba izingane zaseAfrika. IWHO yabika ukuthi eUnited States, izinsana ezifinyelela ku-20 000 kuze kube manje kungenzeka ziye zazalwa abesifazane abaneHIV. IEvening Post yaseWellington, eNew Zealand, ngoJuly 12, 1989, yabika ukuthi intsha yaseBrazil elinganiselwa ku-140 000 inaleligciwane. “Kodwa abaphikisayo bayesaba ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isilinganiso siphansi,” kubika iphephandaba. “Ngikholelwa ukuthi leliqembu, uma lingatholi ukwelashwa okukhethekile, lizoba ibhomu leathomu eliqhumele edolobheni,” kwasho umqondisi wezokwelapha weNhlangano Yesizwe Yenhlalakahle Yezingane. “Lena inkinga engathi sína kakhulu,” kusho ngokudabuka isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esidumile saseBrazil.
Izinkinga Ziyakhula
Ingabe ukhona ongenakuthintwa ngokomzwelo yisimo esibucayi salezisulu ezingenacala ezihlushwa yilolubhadane olubulalayo? Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela lombiko: “Okungenani izingane ezingu-50 ziye zabulawa eAfrika ephakathi—ezinye zibulawa abazali bazo uqobo—ngenxa yokuthi zazinengculaza, ngokwenhlangano Yesiphambano Esibomvu yaseNorway.” Ezinye izingane zaseAfrika ezinengculaza zikhishwa emakhaya azo imikhaya ekhathazekile ukuze iqede noma ikuphi ukuthintana nesifo esiyihlazo ngaphezu kochoko, kubika iSunday Star, iphephandaba laseGoli, eNingizimu Afrika. Leliphephandaba lathi, “Kwezinye izindawo izisulu zengculaza kanye nemikhaya yazo ziyenqatshelwa ukuba ziye emithonjeni yamanzi nasemasontweni.”
Ezinye izibalo ezinyantisa umzimba zenza ungakwazi ukungabi nandaba. Imibiko yomhlaba wonke isola isibhadalala sengculaza njengesiyimbangela eqondile yolunye usizi. Izigidi zezingane ezingenalo igciwane lengculaza zizoba izintandane ngawo-1990. Ngani? Abazali bazo bazobulawa ingculaza. IWHO ilinganisela ukuthi ngo-1992 kuzoba nezintandane ezibangelwe ingculaza eziyizigidi ezinhlanu. “Ukuqala kukazamcolo. Futhi ngaphandle kokuba siqalise ukulungiselela ukondla lezintandane ngokwesimiso sabazali bokutholwa, kuyodingeka sivule izindawo ezinkulu zokugcina izintandane,” kusho omunye uchwepheshe kwezokunakekelwa kwezingane.
“Ubuhlungu cishe abuchazeki,” kwasho isisebenzi sezenhlalakahle, sichaza omunye umkhaya waseNew York. “Umama unesifo, ubaba unesifo, umntwana unesifo, abazali nengane bazofa, futhi bazoshiya umfana oneminyaka engu-10 ubudala ozosala dengwane engenabo abakubo.”
Futhi ekugcineni, kunalokhu kuphawula okucabangisayo okwenziwa uDkt. Ernest Drucker waseKholeji Lokufundela Ubudokotela laseNew York iAlbert Einstein. “Emiphumeleni yakamuva yokufa komzali, ngokuvamile izingane zizithola ziphakathi kwemibango yokuthi ubani oziwinayo, zishendeliswa zisuswa kwelinye ilungu lomkhaya ziyiswe kwelinye kuyilapho zisafunda ukwamukela ukulahlekelwa kwazo kanye nehlazo lengculaza.”
Ingculaza ngokushesha iya iba enye yezimbangela eziholayo zokufa phakathi kwezingane nabantu abadala abasebasha. Iyimbangela yokufa eholayo engeyesishiyagalolunye phakathi kwezingane ezisukela onyakeni owodwa kuya kwemine ubudala, futhi iyimbangela eholayo engeyesikhombisa phakathi kwentsha eyeve eshumini nambili kanye nabantu abadala abasebasha abangaphansi kuka-25. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, ingculaza ingase ibe enye yezimbangela ezingungqá phambili zokufa kweziyisihlanu eziholayo, kubika iAIDS/HIV Record, yangoSeptember 1989. Nokho, imibiko ibonisa ukuthi kunokunganaki emhlabeni wonke phakathi kwabaningi abangase babe izisulu zalesisifo esesabekayo. Cabangela amanye amaqiniso ashaqisayo esihlokweni esilandelayo.