Ukubuka Okwezwe
Kusenezinhlekelele Ezengeziwe
“Ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwendawo ezungezile,” kubika iphephandaba laseJalimane iSchweinfurter Tagblatt esitatimendeni seWHO (World Health Organization [Inhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo]), “inani lezinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo liyobe selande ngokuphawulekayo ngonyaka ka-2000.” NgokweWHO, “manje kunezinhlekelele zendawo ezungezile eziningi ngokwandayo ezibangelwa umuntu ngokwakhe.” Izinhlekelele ezabangelwa amakhemikhali eBhopal (eNdiya) naseSéveso (eItaly), ingozi yethuluzi eligcina amandla e-athomu eChernobyl (eU.S.S.R.), inhlekelele yolwelwesi lukawoyela emanzini ngasogwini eAlaska, nokusha kwamasimu okumbiwa kuwo uwoyela eKuwait kwacashunwa njengezibonelo. “Ukungcoliswa komoya, amanzi, nomhlabathi, kanye nokuncipha kolwelwesi lweozone nokushisa okubabazekayo, kubonisa ukuthi intuthuko yezezimboni iyabhubhisa,” kunezela lesihloko. “Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50 baye balahlekelwa amakhaya abo ngenxa yezinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo kusukela ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka.”
Izindleko Zobulungisa Ezinyukayo
Abantu baseCanada bakhokha bengathandi “imali eyingqopha-mlando engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane [ezingu-19,25 zamaRandi] ngonyaka odlule emaphoyiseni, izinkantolo, amajele nosizo olungokomthetho,” kubika iToronto Star. Lokhu kusho ukuthi yilowo nalowomuntu waseCanada usebenzisa u-R738 ngonyaka ukuze asekele isimiso sobulungisa. Naphezu kwalokhu kusetshenziswa okukhulu kwemali, “izinga lobugebengu lenyuka ngamaphesenti angu-32,” kusho iStar. Inani leziboshwa zasejele lakhula ngamaphesenti angu-37 phakathi kuka-1981 no-1987. Ekhuluma ngezindleko eziphakeme zobulungisa, umqondisi weJohn Howard Society yaseToronto, uSherry Kulman, wathi: “Izigidi eziyizinkulungwane [ezingu-19] ziyimali eningi futhi ngimangele ngempela ngokuthi abantu abasho ukuthi ‘ake ume kancane, kwenzekani lapha?’” Wanezela: “Akusona yini isikhathi sokuba abantu baqaphele ukuthi lesimiso asisebenzi?”
Ukutholakala Kwezimoto Ngesiphuphutheki
Njengoba ukuthunjwa kwezimoto kufinyelela emazingeni angathi sína eNingizimu Afrika, okwamuva kakhulu ochungechungeni lwamasu amasha okutholwa kwezimoto ezithathwe abathumbi namasela wukulandelela ngesiphuphutheki. IStar, iphephandaba laseGoli, sichaza ukuthi lapho umshayeli esefake lesimiso, kudingeka amane nje enze umshini osakaza amaza usebenze lapho kwenzeka imoto ithunjwa noma yebiwa. Khona-ke imoto ilandelelwa isiphuphutheki futhi indawo ekuyo iboniswe ewindini lecomputer “endlini yokusebenzela lapho iboniswa khona ‘ngomsinjwana’ ebalazweni.” Ikamelo lokusebenzela, lona liqaphelisa indiza noma amanxusa okulondeka ahamba phansi, alandelela leyomoto. Lombiko uyanezela: “Ukuvivinya kwabashayeli bezindiza okwamanje kusabonise ukuthi imoto ingatholakala . . . emizuzwini engu-15, nokuthi izinga lokutholakala kwazo lingamaphesenti angu-95.”
Izidakamizwa Ezikoleni
Intsha ifakwa kanjani ezidakamizweni esikoleni? “Izidakamizwa azilethwa ezikoleni abantu abangaziwa, kodwa abafundi ngokwabo,” kusho uAbílio Pereira, isikhulu samaphoyisa eRio Grande do Sul, eBrazil. “Akekho owamukela izidakamizwa kothile angajwayelene naye.” Uyanezela: “Ngangivame ukuthola insangu kubafana abaneminyaka engu-17 ubudala. Manje sinezinkinga ngabafana abaneminyaka engu-12 futhi ngisho nabaneminyaka engu-10 ubudala.” Okokuqala nje, izidakamizwa zingase zinikezwe mahhala lapho wonke umuntu esesimweni senjabulo, kodwa lapho nje intsha isiluthekile, abathengisi bayazidayisa. “Asikho isikole izidakamizwa ezingangeni kuso,” kusho uAlberto Corazza, isikhulu samaphoyisa esifunda eSão Paulo. Umagazini iVeja uthi: “Akukaze kube lula kangaka ukuthenga izidakamizwa ezikoleni, inxanxathela yabathengisi ayikaze isakazeke kangaka phakathi kwabafundi futhi akukaze kube nzima kangaka ukulawula loluhlobo lokuhweba.”
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezindlela Zokwelapha
Iziguli ezinomdlavuza oseqophelweni lokugcina ezelashwa ngokwelapha kwakudala azenzi kangcono noma kabi kunalezo ezelashwa ngokwelapha okungekhona okwakudala, kusho ukuhlola okwakhishwa kuyiNew England Journal of Medicine. Iziguli eziphethwe umdlavuza ezingaphezu kuka-150 ezinesilinganiso sokulindela ukuphila unyaka noma ngaphansi zasetshenziswa kulokhu kuhlola. Ingxenye yelashwa ngendlela yesiko, njengokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nangemisebe, kuyilapho enye ingxenye yelashwa ngokudla kwemifino, ukuchathwa ngekhofi, nemijovo ehloselwe ukunikeza isimiso sokuzivikela komzimba amandla. Leziguli zase ziseqophelweni lokugcina lomdlavuza wamaphaphu, umdlavuza wenanzi, umdlavuza wepancreas, noma imelanoma. Ekupheleni konyaka owodwa, iziguli ezingaphezudlwana kwengxenye eqenjini ngalinye zaziphila, namaphesenti angu-15 ekupheleni kweminyaka emibili. “Imiphumela ibonisa ngokucace kakhulu ukuthi ezigulini ezineqophelo lokugcina lomdlavuza ukwelapha kwethu cishe akukunwebi ukuphila,” kusho uDkt. Barrie Cassileth, umlobi waleliphephandaba. “Kumelwe sibuze ukuthi singabenza kanjani labantu banethezeke kakhulu, futhi kwezinye izimo lokhu kungase kusho ukungelashwa nhlobo.”
Ingabe Ahlanzeke Kakhulu?
Lapho umkhumbi omkhulu othwa-la uwoyela iExxon Valdez ucwila ogwini lwaseAlaska, ukuchitheka kukawoyela okwaba umphumela kwabulala inani elikhulu lezilwane—ekubaleni kokugcina cishe izinyoni ezingu-580 000, izimvu zamanzi ezingu-5 500, nemikhoma engu-22. Nakuba kwakukhulunywa ngomonakalo ohlala njalo, lokho akulona iqiniso, kusho iNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, futhi izilwane eziningi kufanele zilulame ngokugcwele eminyakeni engaba mihlanu. “Ukululama bekungase kube okushesha ngisho nangokwengeziwe ukuba ezinye izingu bezingafuthwanga ngamanzi ashisayo njengendlela yokuthulisa ukukhala komphakathi,” kubika umagazini iFortune. “Ukuhlola kwamanxusa kubonisa ukuthi eziningi zezilokazana ezincane zibulawa amanzi ashisayo kunokuba zibulawe uwoyela.” Ngokwesazi sesayensi esiyinhloko uSylvia Earle, “ngezinye izikhathi into engcono kakhulu, futhi ngokuhlekisayo okunzima kakhulu ukuyenza lapho kubhekenwe nenhlekelele yendawo ezungezile iwukungenzi lutho.”
Amakamu Empi Amaningi Ukwedlula Izibhedlela
Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bachitha amaphesenti angu-5,4 awo wonke umkhiqizo wabo wesizwe emisebenzini yezempi kodwa bachithe amaphesenti angu-4,2 kuphela ekunakekelweni kwempilo, kubika iDemos, iphephandaba elinyatheliswa yiDutch Inter University Demographic Institute. Isilinganiso emazweni asathuthuka sitshekele ohlangothini olulodwa ngisho nangokwengeziwe: amaphesenti angu-5,6 kwezokuzivikela kodwa amaphesenti angu-1,4 kuphela ekunakekelweni kwezokwelapha. Ohulumeni eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, kuphawula iDemos, bahamba phambili ngokuchitha okungaphezulu ngokuphindwe kasikhombisa kwezempi kunakwezempilo.
Izinkinga Ngezindlela Zokufudumeza Umoya
“Izinkinga ezibuhlungu, njengemfiva ebangelwa indlela yokufudumeza umoya, ukugula okunjengomkhuhlane okuphatha amaqembu abantu emahhovisi, zingahlanganiswa nezinto ezinkulu zokufudumeza umoya lapho amanzi ama khona futhi agcwale izilokazane,” kubika iMedical Post yaseCanada. Izindlela zasekhaya zokufudumeza umoya zinezingozi ezifanayo lapho amabacterium noma amafungus ezalela emanzini amile lawo kamuva afuthwa emoyeni. KuyiMedical Post, esinye isazi sasikisela ukuthi lapho kufudunyezwa umoya ngezizathu zokwelapha, iziguli kufanele zicabangele “umswakama owenziwa ngesitimu ekamelweni, kuhlanganise nokuthile okulula njengokugcina igedlela libila esitofini.”
AmaBhayibheli Ayimishini Angangena Ephaketheni
“Okwamanje, emkhakheni wemishini, okuncane kuhle,” kubika iNewsweek. Phakathi kwemishini ephathwa ngesandla yamuva nje kunezinguqulo ezintathu zeBhayibheli ezibiza u-R1 100, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zeRevised Standard neKing James, ekhishwé imboni yaseNew Jersey, eU.S.A. “Kungani kufanele ukhokhe [u-R1 100] ngeBhayibheli?” kubuza iNewsweek. “Ngoba inezinkinobho ezifana nezomshini wokubhala kanye nokuhlakanipha okuthile.” Imibhalo elibalekile ingatholakala ngokumane nje ubhale amagama athile ayisihluthulelo ongase uwakhumbule. Lemboni “kungenzeka iye yakhanga kubefundisi abahanjelwe umqondo,” kusho lesihloko. “Kakade isiye yathengisa amaBhayibheli ayimishini angu-50-000 ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.”
Iphutha Elidumazayo Lokuthola Usuku
Eminyakeni eyishumi nanye edlule, ugogo ongumdwebi waseNingizimu Afrika, uJoan Ahrens, wenza imidwebo emihle kapende esebenzisa amatshe njengento yokudwebela, elingisa ubungcweti obungokwesiko babaThwa. Kamuva, elinye lamatshe akhe adwetshiwe lacoshwa endle eduze komuzi wakhe wakuqala edolobheni lasePietermaritzburg. Ekugcineni lafika ezandleni zomphathi womnyuziyamu walelodolobha. Engazi ngemvelaphi yalomdwebo osetsheni, umphathi waliyisa eNgilandi ukuze lihlolwe ngeradio carbon accelerator unit yaseYunivesithi yaseOxford ukuthi elanini. Izingcweti zalinganisela ukuthi lomdwebo wawuneminyaka engu-1 200 ubudala! Kungani kwenziwa leliphutha elidumazayo? “Kuye kwatholakala kusukela ngalesosikhathi,” ngokombiko okuyiSunday Times yaseNingizimu Afrika, “ukuthi upende kawoyela owasetshenziswa uNkk. Ahrens wawuqukethe owoyela abangokwemvelo ababequkethe icarbon—okuwukuphela kwento iOxford eyathola usuku lwayo.”
Izindleko Zokukhwabanisa Nokucekela Phansi
Ukukhwabanisa ngamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweletu eBrithani kubiza amabhange nezindlu zezimali oPondo abayizigidi ezingu-75 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-413) ngonyaka, ngokweTimes yaseLondon. Nokho ngisho nalemali incane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezindleko ezilinganiselwayo zokucekela phansi: opondo abayizigidi ezingu-500 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-2 750) ngo-1990 kuphela, lapho ingqikithi yomonakalo obangelwa umlilo yafinyelela irekhodi loPondo abayizigidi ezingu-1 000 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-5 500). Nakuba umonakalo owenziwa abesilisa abasukela eminyakeni engu-10 kuya kwengu-25 ubudala uyimbangela evame kakhulu yokucekela phansi, amacala okucekela phansi afinyelela kumaphesenti angu-20 ahlangene nokukhwabanisa—amabhizinisi, izimoto, namakhaya konakaliswa ngamabomu ukuze kulandwe izinkokhelo zomshwalense. IHome Office yaseBrithani yembula futhi ukuthi izikole ezingu-1 008 zonakaliswa ngamabomu noma zacekelwa phansi ngonyaka ka-1988, kubika iTimes.