Ukubuka Okwezwe
Zilondeke Kangakanani Izibhedlela?
Ingabe izibhedlela nodokotela bangaba ingozi empilweni yakho? Ngokuyisisekelo kusobala ukuthi benza okuningi okuhle kunokulimazayo. Nokho, ukuhlola okwenziwa eYunivesithi yaseHarvard eUnited States kwathola ukuthi ezigulini ezingaphezu kuka-2 500 000 ezakhishwa ezibhedlela eNew York State ngonyaka owodwa, cishe ezingu-100 000 zazikhathazwe “izenzakalo ezibuhlungu,” noma ukulimala okwabangelwa ikhono lezokwelapha lokulwisana nesifo. Kwezingu-27 179 zaleziguli, kwakuhileleke ubudedengu. Ingozi yalomonakalo yaphindeka kabili ngeziguli ezineminyaka engu-65 noma ngaphezulu ubudala. Ngokufanayo, abacwaningi eJalimane bahlola ukuhlinzwa kwezidumbu okwenziwa lapho phakathi kuka-1977 no-1990; bathola ukuthi kubantu abangamaphesenti angu-25, iziguli zazibulawe izimbangela odokotela bazo abehluleka ukuzibona lapho bezihlola. Naphezu kwentuthuko kwezesayensi, isilinganiso samaphutha anjalo asizange sinciphe eminyakeni engu-13 okwenziwa ngayo ukuhlola.
Indima Enkudlwana YeUN?
Iphephandaba laseParis iFigaro libika ukuthi izizwe zomhlaba eziyisikhombisa ezinamandla kakhulu kwezezimboni ziye zakhipha isimemezelo esingokomthetho zicela iZizwe Ezihlangene ukuba zifeze indima enkudlwana yokugcina ukuthula emphakathini womhlaba wonke. Lesimemezelo ngokwengxenye sithi: “Siyazibophelela ekwenzeni iZizwe Ezihlangene zibe namandla kanye nethonya ngokwengeziwe sinombono wokuvikela amalungelo abantu, ukulondoloza ukuthula nokulondeka, kanye novimbela udlame.” Lesimemezelo sagcizelela isidingo sokuba kube nenguquko embonweni oyisiko wokuzibusa kwesizwe, futhi sisekela ukuba iUN ilamule emazweni lapho ukoniwa kwamalungelo abantu kusongela khona ukuthula komhlaba.
IAfrika Isosizini
◻ “INhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo [WHO] ilinganisela ukuthi kwabesifazane abayizigidi ezingu-1,7 abanegciwane elenza buthaka isimiso sokuzivikela komzimba (HIV), okuyigciwane elibangela ingculaza, abayizigidi ezingu-1,2 bangabaseAfrika,” kusho iSunday Concord yaseNigeria. Abantwana abazalwa yilabesifazane banethuba elingamaphesenti angu-20 kuya kwangu-45 lokungenwa yileligciwane, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi “izinzuzo ezaba khona ekusindiseni izingane nasekuzithuthukiseni emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule ngokushesha zingaba yize.” Kwelinye izwe eliseMpumalangala Afrika, amaphesenti angu-14 azo zonke izisulu zengculaza angaphansi kweminyaka emine ubudala.
◻ Isifo sohudo (cholera) naso sibhuqa amazwe amaningi aseAfrika “ngesivinini esibhubhisayo,” ngokusho kweWHO. Nakuba eAfrika kuye kwabikwa izigameko zakho ezimbalwa kunaseNingizimu Melika, lapho lomqedazwe wagadla khona ekuqaleni kwalonyaka, inani labafayo liye laba likhudlwana. Kusukela ngoJuly 18 walonyaka, kwabikwa ukufa kwabantu abangu-3 488. IZambia yaba nabantu abaphethwe isifo sohudo abangaphezu kuka-11 000, kwafa abangu-981; iNigeria yaba nabantu abanaso abangu-7 600, kwafa abangu-990; futhi eGhana baba ngu-6 500, kwafa abangu-181.
◻ Ngenxa yokomisa kanye namakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu ababalekela izimpi zangaphakathi eSomalia, e-Ethiopia, naseSudan, “izigidi zabantu zibhekene nezimo zendlala” kuyiHorn of Africa, kusho uJames C. Ingram, umqondisi ophethe weWorld Food Program. Kwesatshwa ukuthi indlala izobheduka ibe njengaleyo eyagadla lesifunda maphakathi nawo-1980, lapho abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi babulawa indlala.
Ukuxhashazwa Kwezingane EJapane
NgokweMainichi Daily News “inani labantwana abashaywayo, abanganakwa noma abaxhashazwa ngokobulili abazali kanye nabanakekeli babo liyakhula eJapane.” Inani lezenzakalo ezibikwayo liphindeke ngaphezu kwakathathu phakathi neminyaka yamuva emihlanu. NgokweDaily Yomiuri, lapho iqembu loprofesa basekholiji lihlola abafundi besifazane abangu-350 ababhalisele izifundo eziphathelene nobudlova bobulili, bathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-68 alabo abasabela ayeye axhashazwa ngokobulili eseyizingane. Nokho, iMainichi Daily News iphawula ukuthi naphezu kwesilinganiso nobukhulu balenkinga, “umphakathi waseJapane awuyiqapheli neze lenkinga, ucabanga iphuzu lokuthi ukubulawa kwezingane ezingafunwa zabo bobubili ubulili kanye nokudayiswa kwamadodakazi ezindaweni zezifebe kwakuyimikhuba evamile kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka.” Nokho, ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokuthi ukuxhashazwa kwezingane ngeke kusalawuleka ngaphandle kokuba ngokushesha kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele. IJapane manje inezinhlangano eziningi kanye nezingcingo ezisheshayo zokufuna usizo ukuze kusizwe lezozisulu.
Ifu Elimnyama Lengculaza Likhathaza Abantu Abanehemophilia
Ingculaza ibulala abantu abaningi baseSpain abanehemophilia. Ngokombiko okuPaís ephuma nsuku zonke yaseMadrid, abangaphezu kuka-200 kakade sebebulewe ingculaza; abangaphezu kuka-300 banalesisifo esidabukisayo. Cishe isimo sizoqhubeka siba sibi. Kunabantu abanehemophilia abangu-2 730 abaziwayo eSpain, futhi abathi ababe amaphesenti angu-90 balabo abanesifo sokungabi naso isakhi esilwisana nehemophilia—okuwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwehemophilia—baye batholakala benegciwane lengculaza. Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha baye basola imikhiqizo yegazi enegciwane njengembangela yalolusizi. Izindaba ezijabulisayo ziwukuthi, emhlanganweni wamuva nje wokubonisana ngezisulu zehemophilia, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi ngokushesha eSpain kuzotholakala isakhi esilwisana nehemophilia esingesona esingokwemvelo esilinganiselwe igazi.
Bathameli Belanga Qaphelani
Ugqinsi longqimba lweozone luncipha ngokushesha eYurophu. Ngokukamagazini iNew Scientist, iQembu leStratospheric Ozone Review muva nje likhiphe umbiko obonisa ukuthi ungqimba lweozone phezu kweYurophu lunciphe ngamaphesenti angu-8 phakathi kuka-1979 no-1990. Lokhu kuncipha kuliphinda kabili inani ososayensi ababelibikezele. Ngokusobala, iYurophu ilahlekelwe iozone engaphezu ngisho neyamazwe anjengeNew Zealand, iAustralia, kanye neNingizimu Afrika, aseseduze nokuba “nembobo” kuyiozone eyakheka minyaka yonke phezu kweAntarctica. Abantu abaningi kulamazwe aseNingizimu neNkabazwe sebekwenze umkhuba ukusebenzisa amafutha avimbela ilanga, ngenxa yokuthi ungqimba olunciphayo lweozone lungenisa imisebe eminingi ebulalayo yeultraviolet-B. NgokweGuardian Weekly yaseNgilandi, ososayensi abathile baseBrithani batusa ukuba abantu baseBrithani balandele izinyathelo ezifanayo zokuzivikela lapho bethamela ilanga.
“Umama Okhiqiza Kunabo Bonke”
ULeontina Judith Espinoza ubalwa “njengomama okhiqiza kunabo bonke emhlabeni” kuyiGuinness Book of World Records. Ngokwephephandaba laseBrazil iEstado de S. Paulo, njengoba manje eneminyaka engu-60 ubudala ukhulelwe ingane yakhe yama-74. Uye wakhulelwa izikhathi ezingu-35 futhi wazala izingane ezingu-73, ezingu-39 zazalwa zingamawele angamathathu kanti ezingu-24 zingamawele angamabili. Ingane endala kunazo zonke ezinganeni ezingu-61 isaphila futhi ineminyaka engu-44. Leliphephandaba lithi, “njengoba azalelwa eArgentina futhi waba isakhamuzi saseChile kusukela ngo-1963, uLeontina uphila nje ukuphila okuphansi nomyeni wakhe kanye nezingane ezingu-32 ezihlala nje emzini oseduze neRancagua, amakhilomitha angu-90 ngaseningizimu yeSantiago.”
Ubudlova Bangamabomu Bezinto Ezi-odwa Ngeposi
Umagazini waseBrithani iEconomist muva nje uye wagxeka incwadi yokukhangisa yaseMelika ekhangisa izincwadi eziphathelene nendlela yokwenza uhide lwezenzo zobugebengu. Loluhlu kubikwa ukuthi lunezincwadi ezinezihloko ezinjengalezi: indlela yokwenza ibhomu eliphonswa ngesandla, amabhomu, iziqhumane, kanye nezibhamu ezingombayimbayi; indlela yokulwa ngemimese noma yokususa impi ezinkantini; indlela yokubulala abantu buthule; indlela yokuphanga abantu imali yabo; indlela yokugqekeza izihluthulelo kanye nokuzwa okukhulunywa ngaphakathi ngokusebenzisa izinto zikagesi; kanye nendlela yokufihla noma ukushushumbisa ezindaweni okuhlolwa kuzo izinto ezingavunyelwe ukuba zikhishelwe ngaphandle. Lencwadi yokukhangisa ize ngisho yaheha noma ubani ongase eqe umthetho ukuze asebenzise lokhu kwaziswa. Lunezincwadi zendlela yokuzenza ungaziwa, indlela yokuphumelela ekuhlolweni amanga, kanye nokusebenzisa umthetho ukuze ugweme isimiso sobulungisa.
Ubhadane Lokuphamba Ngamasheke
NgokweNatal Witness, iNingizimu Afrika ibhekene nobhadane olubi kunalo lonke emlandweni lokuphamba ngamasheke. Kubonakala sengathi inani labantu kanye nosomabhizinisi ababanjelwa ukusebenzisa amasheke omgunyathi liye landa ngamaphesenti angu-22, kusukela ku-4 600 kuya ku-5 600 ngenyanga onyakeni odlule. Nokho, lamanani amelela ingxenye encane yalenkinga, ngoba awabonisi labo abeba amasheke; ngaphandle kwalokho, ochwepheshe bezezimali balinganisela ukuthi umdayisi oyedwa kwabane kuphela oya kwabomthetho eyofuna usizo lapho enikezwe isheke lomgunyathi. Abanye bavele nje bakwamukele ukulahlekelwa.
Amasoli Ayinguga
Kubo bonke abantu, obani abanesidingo esikhulu sokuba namasoli ayinguga ezicathulweni zabo? Lombuzo waphakanyiswa uhlu lukaDaedalus kumagazini wesayensi waseBrithani iNature. Lwacabangela ukusetshenziswa kwamamonomer athile lawo ngokokucabangela, angase aholele ekukhiqizweni “kwesondo elizivuselelayo elingeke liguge.” Lomagazini waphawula ukuthi lobuchwepheshe, uma buthuthukiswa, bungase ngisho benze nezicathulo zokugijima zibe namasoli azivuselelayo! Nokho, iNature iphawula ukuthi “izicathulo eziningi zokugijima zingezabantu abathanda imfashini okuthukela bethathe ngisho nje nohambo lokushaywa umoya.” Khona-ke lomagazini waphetha ngokuthi lawomasoli “ayinguga” angaba inzuzo kakhulu “ezicathulweni eziwusizo kubantu abazisebenzisa ngempela izinyawo zabo—omama bamakhaya, abadayisi kanye nofakazi bakaJehova.”