Ukuphakama Nokuwa Kwezentengiselwano Zomhlaba
Ingxenye 1a—Ukulawulwa Izinkinga Zemali
“Nakuba omama nobaba besinika ukuphila, imali kuphela ekulondolozayo.”—IJapanese Family Storehouse; noma, IMillionaires’ Gospel, kaIhara Saikaku.
INGABE wake wadinga imali ngamehlo amnyama? Noma ingabe wake wathola ukuthi awunayo imali eyanele yokukhokhela okuthile okubalulekile? Noma ingabe wake wabona umkhaya wakho ulamba noma uhlubule? Izigidi zabantu namuhla zingayiphendula ngoyebo leyomibuzo. Ziyazi ukuthi kuyini ukuba nenkinga yemali.
Cabanga ngokukhathazeka okukhulu kukababa ongawutholi umsebenzi onezingane okufanele azondle nonezikweleti okufanele azikhokhe. Cabanga ngesimo sengqondo sikamama okhathele omé emgqeni ukuze athole izinto ezingatholakali kalula kamuva athola ukuthi amashalofu asesitolo awasenalutho noma amanani asephakeme kakhulu. Cabanga ngokucindezeleka kwesikhulu sezamabhizinisi esinkampani yaso ibhekene nokuphelelwa izimali okuseduze noma ukucindezela kukahulumeni olwela ukuzikhulula ezikweletini zezigidi zezinkulungwane zamarandi.
Ezweni lanamuhla ngisho namagama athile adala ukukhathazeka. Izinto esizamukelayo (imali, izimpahla, noma izinkonzo ezitholwa njengenkokhelo yomsebenzi owenziwe noma ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo ethile) zingaba zincane kangangokuba izinga lethu lokuphila (izinga lomnotho esijwayele ukuphila ngalo) lisongelwe ngokungathi sína. Lokhu kungabangelwa ukungawutholi umsebenzi, ukuntuleka kwemali noma ukuwa kwezomnotho (izinkathi zokwehla komsebenzi wezamabhizinisi, igama lokuqala alinamandla, elamuva linamandla kakhulu), noma ukwehla kwamandla emali (ukunyuka kwamanani okwenzeka lapho isidingo singaphezu kwezinto ezikhona, kangangokuba imali yethu ithenge okuncane). Sinemali encane ngeke sisakwazi ukubhekana nezindleko zokuphila (izindleko zokuthenga izimpahla kanye nezinkonzo esizidinga nsuku zonke).
Amandla Okucindezeleka Okungokomnotho
INdlala Enkulu Yemali yawo-1930, kusho esinye isikhulu, yayiwusizi olungokomnotho “olwathinta wonke amazwe nazo zonke izici zokuphila, ezingokwenhlalo nezingokombangazwe, emazweni angaphakathi nasendaweni yonke.” Ngokuqinisa izinhlangano eziphikisayo zezombangazwe eJalimane naseItaly, yasiza ekugqugquzeleni iMpi Yezwe II, ngaleyondlela yabonisa ukuthi ukucindezela okungokomnotho kungaba namandla kangakanani. Kwaba njengoba uJohn K. Galbraith abhala encwadini yakhe ethi Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went: “Ekuqaleni kuka-1933, uAdolf Hitler waqala ukubusa eJalimane. Impumelelo yakhe enkulu kumelwe ukuba yabangelwa ukuswelakala komsebenzi okukhulu kanye nokuncishiswa kwamaholo, amanani entengo kanye namanani ezindawo okubuhlungu kakhulu.” Ekhulumela ukwehla kwamandla emali eUnited States ngalesosikhathi, uGalbraith uyenezela: “Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imali ibaluleke kangakanani, akekho owayengangabaza ukubaluleka kokwesaba eyakubangela.”
Izinguquko ezingokombangazwe ezakhukhula iMpumalanga Yurophu ekupheleni kwawo-1980 zathonywa ikakhulukazi izici ezingokomnotho. Lezici nazo ngokuvamile zingujuqu ekunqumeni ukhetho emibusweni yentando yeningi emazweni aseNtshonalanga, lapho abantu, kuye kwashiwo kudala, ukuthi bavota ngokwendlela izindaba ezithinta imali abayitholayo ezibathonya ngayo.
Ukucindezela okungokomnotho ngokuvamile kuyasetshenziswa emzamweni wokuphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba bashintshe izinkambiso zabo. Ngaleyondlela, ngezinye izikhathi, unswinyo olungokomnotho lwanamuhla luye lwafana nokuvimbezela kwempi kwakudala. Ngo-1986, iYurophu, iJapane, kanye neUnited States answinya iNingizimu Afrika ngokomnotho ukuze alwe nenkambiso yayo yobandlululo, ngokusobala kwaba khona impumelelo ethile. Ngo-1990 umphakathi womhlaba, njengoba umelelwe kuyi-UN, wasebenzisa ukucindezela okungokomnotho eIraq, ngokusobala kwangabakhona mpumelelo.
Nakuba kunjalo, lomkhuba ubonakala ucacile. UJacques Attali, umlobi ongumFulentshi nowumeluleki kamongameli, uthi ‘abathengisi manje bafeza indima ebalulekile ezindabeni zomhlaba.’ Futhi umagazini wezindaba wathi: “[Emazweni amaningi] ukuqina okungokomnotho kuye kwathatha indawo yamandla ezempi njengokuyindlela esebenzayo.”
Ingabe Kuya Kuba Lula?
Izinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo, izifo, kanye nobugebengu kuyaziphazamisa ezomnotho. Kungokufanayo nangezikweleti kanye nokungabi namali. NgokweCollins Atlas of World History, “isikweleti somhlaba [emazweni asathuthuka] sikhulu kangangokuba umhlaba, ngezinye izikhathi, kuye kwala kancane ukuba ube senhlekeleleni engokomnotho yezilinganiso ezinkulu kakhulu, futhi ukwanda kobumpofu, kanye nakho konke ukuphelelwa ithemba nosongo lokufinyelela ezingeni eliyingozi kakhulu okuye kwakusho, kuye kwashaqisa kakhulu.”
Nakuba abanye ohulumeni behlushwa ukwehla kwamandla emali, abanye balwa kanzima ukuba bakuvimbele. Ukungalondeki kuyabonakala ngezimakethe zokuthenga nokudayisa amasheya ezintengantengayo. Ukugula okungalindelekile komholi wezombangazwe, noma ngisho namahebezi angasekelwe ndawo, kungonakalisa umcebo omkhulu ngamahora ambalwa nje. Inhlekelele engokwezimali yango-October 1987 eyenzeka emakethe yamasheya kuWall Street—enkulu ngisho nangaphezu kweyango-1929—yabizwa ngokuthi isonto elibi kunawo wonke emlandweni wezezimali. Cishe izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 059 zamarandi, ngokwenani lezinto ezikhona, zaphela nya. Lemakethe yamasheya yasimama, kodwa ochwepheshe abaningi bathi inhlekelele enkulu engokwezimali iseza. “Umhlaba wawuyoba nethemba elingcono ukuba wawungazi ukuthi loyomonakalo ongokwezimali uzoba njani,” kubhala intatheli uGeorge J. Church.
Kunokuba kube ngcono, ukucindezela okungokomnotho kanye nezinkathazo okuzibangelayo kubonakala kuya kuqina. Ngakho ingabe kunengqondo ukucabangela ukuba nokwenzeka kokuthi isiphelo sakho siseduze?