Kungani Kukhona Isimo Esibucayi Sezindleko Zokuphila?

Ukusuka ebelgrade kuya ebuenos aires, elagos kuya elima, emanila kuya eMexico City, naseWashington, D.C., kuya ewellington, ohulumeni balwisana nokwehla kwamandla emali.

Ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni ngokwabo baba sebunzimeni obukhulu obungokwezimali. Omunye umbiko uthi “iUnited States idale izikweletu ezengeziwe eminyakeni emihlanu kunakuwo wonke umlando [wayo] wangaphambili.” Uhulumeni waseAfrika kuye kwadingeka ukuba ahoxise ukukhushulwa kwamaholo okwase kulindelwe isikhathi eside. Ekudumazekeni kwawo, uye wathola ukuthi uMnyango Wezimali ubungenayo imali eyanele yokukhokhela iholo elisha. Ngokufanayo, ezweni elikhulu laseLatin America, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali laliphezulu kangangokuthi uhulumeni wayesaba ukuthi ngasekupheleni kuka-1988 wayengenakukwazi ukuholela izisebenzi zangaphakathi ezweni ezingaphezu kwesigidi.

Amasu eminyaka emihlanu, ukwehliswa kwamandla emali, amaholo angashintshi, ukuqondiswa kwamanani, namanye amakhambi ezomnotho kuyamenyezelwa. Kodwa izinkinga ziyinkimbinkimbi nezindlela zokuzixazulula azitholakali kalula. Ukuze sibonise ubunzima, iPhaphama! lapha ihlela ezinye nje zezimbangela eziyisisekelo zesimo esibucayi sezindleko zokuphila.

lsimiso Sezwe Lonke Sezomnotho Esintengantengayo

Ukwencika Kwamazwe Kwamanye Kwembulunga Yonke. Njengoba umgcinizimali wezwe lonke achaza: “Umhlaba munye. Umnotho wethu ungowembulunga yonke. . . . Umbono wokuthi ikhambi lingavela ohlangothini olulodwa kwezomnotho wembulunga yonke uwumbhedo.” Ngokwesibonelo, ukuncishiswa kwemikhiqizo emazweni aseNtshonalanga ngokushesha kudluliselwa emazweni ampofu kakhulu athola ukuthi ayisadingeki kangako imikhiqizo yawo. Ngokufanayo, ukukhuphuka kwentela yenzalo eUnited States kusho ukuthi izizwe zaseLatin America naseAfrika ziyoba nezinkinga ezengeziwe ekukhokheni inzalo yezikweleti zazo. Ngokuvamile, uma izwe limpofu kakhulu, liba nethonya elincane esimweni sezomnotho sisonke, kodwa lithinteka kakhulu ezivunguvungwini zezomnotho ezingajabulisi.

Ukwehla nokwenyuka kwamananini asezimakethe kuqokomisa ukuntengantenga kwesimo sezomnotho wezwe, kanye nokwencika kwaso kwamanye amazwe. Abagcinizimali babekhathazeke kakhulu ngokulindeleke kwezomnotho, kangangokuthi kuthiwa amanani ezohwebo angathembisi aseU.S. ka-August 1987 nokukhulumela okungenangqondo okwenziwa isikhulu soMnyango Wezimali kwakwanele ukuba kuqhubekisele phambili ukwehla kwasezimakethe ngo-October 1987.

Inkinga ebucayi kakhulu yesikweletu yaseUnited States, kanye nokungabi namandla noma ukungazimiseli kwemithombo yezomnotho eyinhloko ukuvumelanisa isimiso sezomnotho, kukwenza kungabi nokwenzeka ukuthi ithemba liyobuyiselwa ngokushesha. Sibhekisela kulesisimo, isazi sezomnotho uStephen Marris saxwayisa: “Sisobishini. Ayikho indlela elula yokuphuma.”

Ukwehla nokwenyuka kwamanani. Eminyakeni yamuva kuye kwaba khona ukwehla nokwenyuka okuphawulekayo emananini kawoyela, okusathayela, nakwezinye izinto eziyisisekelo ezidayiswayo. Ukwenyuka okusheshayo kwamanani kawoyela ngawo-1970 kwabangela ukwehla kwamandla emali okusabalele futhi kwashukumisela ukwehla komnotho wezwe. Amazwe asathuthuka angawukhiqizi uwoyela athinteka kakhulu ngokukhethekile.

Ngawo-1980 kuye kwaba khona ukwehla emananini ezimpahla eziningi. Lokhu kuwaphazamise kakhulu amazwe ampofu kakhulu lawo imikhiqizo ayithumela ngaphandle kuyimikhiqizo enjalo ngokuyinhloko. Amazwe anjengeMexico neNigeria, ancike kakhulu ekuthumeleni uwoyela ngaphandle, nawo aye abhekana nokwehla okunamandla kwamazinga okuphila ngenxa yokwehla kwamanani kawoyela. Ukwehla nokwenyuka kwamanani okunjalo kungacwilisa amacebo ezomnotho anengqondo kunawo wonke.

Ukusebenzisa Kohulumeni Imali Ngokungenangqondo

Ukusebenzisa Imali Kwezempi. Ingqikithi yemali esetshenziswe kwezempi embulungeni yonke ngo-1987 ilinganiselwa cishe emaRandini ayizigidi eziyi-2, 4. Lokhu kulinganiselwa cishe emaRandini ayizigidi eziyi-4,3 ngomzuzu! Akuwona nje amazwe acebile kuphela asaphaza imali ezikhalini; amanye amazwe ampofu kakhulu omhlaba aye ahlela ukukhuphula imali ayisebenzisela kwezempi ngamaphesenti angu-10 njalo ngonyaka.

Isazi sezomnotho uJohn K. Galbraith, echaza ngomphumela ukusebenzisa imali kwezempi onakho kwezenhlalo nezomnotho zamaZwe Asathuthukaa, wathi: “Labo abakhokhela lezikhali bangabampofu kunabo bonke. Zithengwa ngemali engagcinelwe ezempi ebekelwe ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila, ngemali yokuthenga isinkwa.”

Izakhiwo ‘zendlovuemhlophe.’ Kuthiwa inkosi yaseSiam yayivame ukunikeza abantu eyayingabathandi ababekhonza endlunkulu indlovu emhlophe. Njengoba kubo lesilwane sasibhekwa njengesingcwele, sasingasetshenziswa. Ngakho ukusigcina sisesimweni esihle kwakuyobangela ukulahlekelwa ngokwezimali kulowo oneshwa othole lesosipho. Eminyakeni yamuva izizwe zaseNtshonalanga ngokungacabangi ziye zafeza indima yenkosi yaseSiam. Izinhlelo zabo zokusiza ziye zaxhasa ngezimali izimiso zobuchwepheshe ezinkulu kakhulu izizwe ezizamukele ezingenakukwazi ukuzigcina zisesimweni esihle.

‘Lezindlovu ezimhlophe’ ezibizayo nezingenamsebenzi zithe chithi saka kwezomnotho zamazwe ampofu: izikhumulo zezindiza eziwubucwazicwazi lapho izindiza ziqabukela zisuka khona, ibhikawozi lezinga eliphezulu elingakwazi ukukhiqiza isinkwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kukafulawa, imboni kasimende enkulu ehlala iwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokuntuleka kokunakekelwa.

Ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni bamaZwe Asathuthuka baye bazithwesa ngokwabo izikweleti ezinkulu ngenxa yokusebenzisa imali ngokusaphaza ezakhiweni ezisaphazayo njengezinhlelo zeziteshi zikagesi ezisebenza ngamanzi, izimboni zezikhali zenuzi, noma ngisho namadolobha amakhulu amasha.

Ukwanda Kwenani Labantu

Emazweni amaningi omhlaba, ukwanda kwenani labantu okusheshayo kunengxenye ezingeni lokuphila eliphansi. Izindawo zokuhlala, imisebenzi, izikole, ngisho nemikhiqizo yokudla ayikwazi ukuhambisana nesidingo esikhuphuka njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, iMexico ngenxa yokwanda okusheshayo kwabantu abahlala kuyo kudingeka ivule amathuba emisebenzi eyisigidi njalo ngonyaka ukuze igcine izinga layo lokuswelakala kwemisebenzi liphansi. Emazweni amaningi aseAfrika ukwanda kwabantu okusheshayo—okwenziwa kube kubi kakhulu ukuthuthela kwabantu emadolobheni—kuye kwabangela ukuba ukudla okuvela kwamanye amazwe kuphindwe kathathu futhi kuye kwaba nengxenye ekwehleni kwamazinga okuphila phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule. Abanye obaba abaye balahla ithemba, abangaphumeleli ukuthola imisebenzi futhi bondle imikhaya yabo emikhulu, baye bayilahla noma bazibulala nokuzibulala.

Ubuthaka Bemvelo Esimisweni

Amathonya Angalindelekile Kwezezimakethe. Ukubikezelwa kwezomnotho kuyisayensi enedumela elibi lokungashayi emhloleni. Inkinga iwukuthi ngisho nakwezomnotho ezithuthukisiwe kunzima ngochwepheshe ukuba akwazi ngokuqondile okwenzekayo, kuyilapho kwezomnotho zamaZwe Asathuthuka—lapho ukwaziswa okuqondile kungatholakali khona—kungenakwenzeka ngokuphelele. Futhi ngisho noma izazi zezomnotho bezingase zivumelane ngokuthi ziyini ngempela izinkinga, ngokungangabazeki beziyonikeza amakhambi ahlukene, ngokwemibono yazo siqu engokwenhlalo nengokwezombangazwe. Okwenza izindaba zibe nzima ngokwengeziwe, abashisekeli bezombangazwe, abenza izinqumo zokugcina, bathambekele ekulaleleni kuphela izeluleko zezomnotho abazithola zinambitheka.

Mayelana neUnited States, owayengunobhala wezezimali waseU.S. uPeter Peterson wachaza: “Ngokuyisisekelo, izinkinga zethu akuzona ezingokomnotho. Kunalokho, sivinjwe ukuntula kwethu ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe. Asivumelani ngisho nasezinkingeni zethu zezomnotho.”

Ubugovu Bokungaqondi. Izwe ngalinye lithambekele ekuphishekeleni izithakazelo zalo ezinamandla kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuba namuphi umphumela kwabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube uhlobo oluthile lwesikhali esiyinkimbinkimbi, esithunyelwa ezweni elingakwazi ngisho nokondla zonke izakhamuzi zalo. Ngokusobala, izisusa zezwe elinikelayo zingezomnotho noma ezombangazwe kunokuba kube ezokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yabantu. Imingcele yemali ekhokhelwa izinto ezilethwa noma ezikhishwa ezweni yabekwa amazwe anezimboni ezicebile ukuze avikele abakhiqizi bawo ivimbela imizamo yamazwe ampofu yokuthengisa ngisho nezinto eziyisisekelo.

Amazwe asathuthuka agxeka izinhlangano zamabhange zezizwe zonke ngenxa yokukhathalela kuphela ukukhokhwa kwenzalo okunqunyelwe isikhathi. Ezinye izakhiwo kuye kwadingeka ukuba zishiywe ngenxa yokuntuleka kokusekelwa ngokwezimali, ngenxa nje yokuthi azikhiqizi izinzuzo ezisheshayo zabazibolekisile. Amanani enzalo aphakeme lezizizwe ezikweletayo okudinga ziwakhokhe manje ngokuyinhloko abangelwa ukusebenzisa imali ngobudlabha kwezinye izizwe ezicebile kunawo. Umongameli uAlfonsin waseArgentina waphawula ukuthi eminyakeni emihlanu iLatin America iye yathumela eUnited States naseYurophu imali elingana namaMarshall Plans amabili.a Nokho, lesifunda singene shi esikweletini kunanini ngaphambili.

Ukonakala nobugovu. Abengameli bamanye amazwe aseAfrika naseAsia baye babekwa amacala okukhwabanisa izinkulungwane zezigidi zamarandi. Izikhulu zamaphoyisa nezikhulu zamabhizinisi ezingosaziwayo zaseLatin America nazo ziye zahileleka ekukhwabaniseni izigidigidi zamarandi. Lamanani amakhulu emaii ngokuvamile ebiwa ezinhlelweni ezihlelelwe ukuthuthukisa abantu abaningi abavamile. Ukuzonakalisa kwesizwe kuyo yonke imikhakha kwenza buthaka ezomnotho zezizwe eziningi ngokungathi sina, kubeka umthwalo owengeziwe ongokwezimali eningini elimpofu elifanele liyikhokhe.

Ubugovu bezentengiselwano bokungethembeki nabo bunengxenye esimweni esibucayi sezindleko zokuphila. Ngokwesibonelo, izindlela zokuthengisa ezinomfutho zezinkampani zikagwayi zamazwe amaningi, ziye zaphumelela ekuheheni izigidi zabantu abampovu ukuba basebenzise imadlana abanayo ekuthengeni ugwayi. Kwamanye amazwe asathuthuka, ugwayi osongela impilo, onetiyela eliningi uthengiswa kabanzi, futhi abathengi abaningi abayiqapheli ingozi yokulimala kwempilo. Izindawo zezolimo eziwusizo zashintshwa zalungiselelwa ukuba zitshalwe ugwayi ngenxa yokuheha okuyigugu kokuthumela nokuthola imikhiqizo yakwamanye amazwe, ngokuvamile okungagcwaliseki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izifo ezihlobene nogwayi zanda ngezinga elifanayo nelokwanda kwezindleko zokuphila.

Lokhu kubukezwa okufushane kwezimbangela zesimo esibucayi sezindleko zokuphila kwanele ukuba kubonise inselele esongelayo ebhekene nohulumeni abalwela ukwenza ngcono usizi lwezomnotho lwezakhamuzi zabo. Umongameli uMitterrand waseFrance, ekhuluma emhlanganweni wasobala wezomnotho, wakhononda ‘ngezwe elilokhu linyakazisa ukhaphethi ongaphansi kwezinyawo zakho, bese liwudonsa futhi lifuna ukukuwisa.’ Ababusi nezazi zezomnotho zamazwe asathuthuka bazi kokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu ukuthi umongameli waseFrance usho ukuthini ngempela.

Ingabe lokho kusho ukuthi akukho themba lokusimama kwezomnotho? Ingabe isimo sezwe sezomnotho asikwazi ukulungiselela ukuphila okungcono kwaso sonke isintu? Isihloko esilandelayo sizoyiphendula lemibuzo.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 8]

Inkinga Yesikweletu

lsikweletu Sesizwe

Emazweni amaningi imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni iyidlula kakhulu imali engenayo. Ukuboleka okukhulu okudingwa ilenqubo phakathi neminyaka eminingi kuholela ekukhuleni kwesikweletu esikhulu ohlelweni lokusetshenziswa kwemali, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi isikweletu sesizwe. Ukukhokhwa kwalesikweletu kanye nenzalo, kuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuha aqhubeke eboleka, okukhuphula amanani enzalo futhi kubangele ukwehla kwamandla emali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba umagazini iTime wachaza, ohulumeni abakuthandi ukunciphisa ukusebenzisa imali ngoba “abavoti, njengabantu, bafuna izinzuzo ezengeziwe, nezintela ezimbalwa kakhulu, nabezombangazwe, bengabezombangazwe, basabela [ezifisweni zabavoti].” Ngakho usuku lokukhokha izikweletu luyahlehliswa, futhi phakathi nalesosikhathi izindleko zokuphila ziyaphakama.

Isikweletu Sezizwe Zonke

Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, amanye amazwe anezimpahla nemisebenzi eminingi ayithola kwamanye amazwe kunalokho akuthumela kwamanye amazwe, kuphumele esikweletini kulowomehluko. Lesosikweletu kufanele sikhokhwe ngemali eyemukelekayo kwezinye izizwe, ngokuvamile ngamadollar noma ngenye imali enamandla. Lemali kumelwe ithathwe emabhange amakhulu alelozwe noma ibolekwe kwamanye amazwe. Uma lamabhange amakhulu ewa ngokuyingozi, nemali yokubolekiswa ingekho, kungase kudingeke ukuba kumiswe imithetho yokuvimbela imikhiqizo evela ngaphandle noma kwehliswe amandla emali yalelozwe. Zombili lezinyathelo zibangela ukwenyuka okukhulu kwamanani ezimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe, eziningi zazo okungenzeka zibalulekile ezimbonini nakubathengi ngokufanayo.

Amazwe asathuthuka ikakhulukazi anezinkinga zesikweletu sezimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe ngoba, cishe kuzo zonke izimo, inani lezimpahla azithumela kwamanye amazwe lehle ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1960 ithani lekhofi lalithenga amathani angama-37 kamanyolo, kodwa ngo-1982 lalithenga amathani ayi-16 kuphela. Kunganikezwa amanani afanayo ngokhokho, itiye, ukotini, ithusi, ithini, nangeminye imikhiqizo eyinhloko ethunyelwa amazwe asathuthuka. Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yalezizimo ezimbi zohwebo, angenakuzilawula, ngo-1937 amazwe asathuthuka ayekweleta isamba esishaqisayo samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-2, 4. Lelitshe lokusila elisezintanyeni zawo likuthiya kakhulu ukusimama kwezomnotho futhi lisongela ngisho nokuqina kwabanye ohulumeni.

Muva nje iThe New York Times yaphawula: “Inkinga eyodwa ehlanganisa iLatin America isikweletu . . . Ohulumeni bathi lenkinga yiyo ebangela ukuwohloka kodumo lwabo futhi bayibheka njengesici esiguquguqukayo sezombangazwe esiyinhloko esithinta ikusasa labo eliseduze.”

[Ibalazwe ekhasini 7]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Izinga Lezwe Lokwehla Kwamandla Emali ngo-1980-85

(Athathelwe kuyiEl Mundo en Cifras, eyakhishwa yiThe Economist)

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