Umklamo Wasemoyeni Owusizo Ngokuphawulekayo

Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! eNingizimu Afrika

“CISHE sase sindize amahora amabili. Ngokungazelele amandla [revs] enjini aqala ukwehla—uphawu lokuqala olubonisa inkinga esenjinini.a Ngokushesha ngaqala ukwenyukela phezulu, ngisebenzisa amandla asele ukuze iphakamele phezulu kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba injini iyeke ukusebenza. Njengoba sasifinyelela ekuphakameni okuphezulu eyayingafinyelela kukho, isembozo se-clutch sawohloka, sisakazela izimvuthuluka emoyeni nxazonke zethu.

“Ngokushesha ngehlisela indiza phansi, ngigcina ijubane lokuya phambili cishe [emakhilomitheni angu-90] ngehora. Ngase ngisihlolile kakade isimo sendawo, futhi manje sase siqonde ebaleni elincane elingenalutho elisebangeni okulula ukufinyelela kulo ngenjini ephelelwa amandla.

“Ngaphakamisa kancane ikhala lendiza [emamitheni angu-15] ngaphezu kwesilinganiso sokuhlelembeka komhlaba ukuze kancane kancane ngehlisele lendiza phansi, sase sihlala phansi, sashelela futhi samisa cishe ebangeni [elingamamitha angu-1,5] kusukela onqenqemeni lodonga [usebe lomfula olomile].”

Konke lokhu kwathatha cishe umzuzu owodwa. Yiqiniso, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ziye zaphahlazeka engxenyeni yokugcina yokuhlala phansi ngokuphuthumayo, kodwa njengoba kungase kubonakale kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela, akulahlwa mbeleko ngakufelwa uma injini yehluleka. Lomshayeli wakwazi ukuqeda ukuntweza okuhlanganisa i-autorotation ngokuphumelelayo—ayeyiprakthiza izikhathi eziningi phakathi nokuqeqeshelwa izimo ezinjalo eziphuthumayo.

Nokho, nakuba indiza enophephela emhlane ilondekile futhi ivumelana nezimo, abaningi abakaze bayigibele. Mhlawume ngisho nawe awunasithakazelo sokuthatha uhambo olufushane ngayo. Nokho, ungase ube nesithakazelo sokufunda ngalemishini endizayo engavamile.

Yaqalaphi?

Ngo-1483, uLeonardo da Vinci waba ngowokuqala owaklama umshini ondiza uqonde ngqó phezulu, esebenzisa uphephela ukuba uwuphakamise. Kodwa ngeshwa, onjiniyela bezindiza bathi umklamo awakha awundiziseki! Nokho, ukundiza uqonde phezulu kuye kwaqhubeka kuhlaba abasunguli umxhwele. Kusesikhathini samuva kakhulu nje lapho lokhu kuye kwafinyelelwa khona ngokuphumelelayo.

Kwakungo-1923 lapho umuntu waseSpain uJuan de la Cierva, eneminyaka engu-27 ubudala, akwazi khona ukundizisa indiza yakhe enophephela emhlane eGetafe, eSpain. Isimiso asiklama senza okuningi ukuze kuthuthukiswe lokho okwakucatshangwa ngezindiza ezinophephela emhlane. Kamuva, uIgor Sikorsky, umsunguli odabuka eRashiya, phakathi nenkathi esukela ku-1939 kuya ku-1941, wenza intuthuko enkulu ngendiza enophephela emhlane njengoba siyazi namuhla. Kodwa yayiyini imfihlo yokunyusela lomshini emoyeni?

Indiza Kanjani?

Indiza evamile enezimpiko indizela emoyeni ngokuqala igijime phansi enkundleni evulekile. Lapho ifinyelela ijubane elifanele, umoya odlula ezimpikweni ukhipha amandla anele ukunqoba isisindo sendiza futhi uphakamisele indizamshini emoyeni. Nokho, endizeni enophephela emhlane, ukuphakama kubangelwa ukujikelezisa uphephela, esingawufanisa nezimpiko. Ngakho, indiza enophephela emhlane inganyukela phezulu ngaphandle kokuya phambili. Ukuze yenze lokhu, uphephela kumelwe ujikeleze emoyeni ngokwe-engela ethile, ebizwa ngokuthi i-angle of attack, ukuze uveze amandla amakhulu angayiphakamisa. Futhi umshayeli angayenza ihlukahluke i-angle of attack, noma ukujikeleza kukaphephela ngokusebenzisa igiya elibizwa ngokuthi i-collective pitch lever. Lapho amandla okuphakama abangelwa uphephela engaphezu kwesisindo sayo, okungukuthi, engaphezu kwamandla adonsela phansi, lendiza izophakama. Ukuncipha kwamandla okuphakama kubangela lomshini ukuba wehle.

Indiza enophephela emhlane ingenziwa ukuba iye phambili isuka endaweni ebimé kuyo emoyeni ngokuphakamisa i-rotor disc. Le-disc iyindawo ecatshangelwayo odlula kuyo uphephela ngesikhathi ujikeleza. Lapho i-rotor disc iphakanyiselwa phambili, umoya awehliselwa phansi nje kuphela wenyusele lendiza phezulu kodwa futhi ushoniswa emuva kancane ukuze uyise phambili. (Bheka umdwebo ngezansi.) Ngakho, indiza enophephela emhlane ingaya kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi, emaceleni, ngisho nasemuva, ngokumane nje uphakamisele i-rotor disc ohlangothini ofisa ukuba iye kulo. Igiya elenza lokhu lingakwesokudla somshayeli futhi libizwa ngokuthi insika yokuqondisa, noma induku yokujikelezisa.

Kukhona enye inkinga okumelwe ixazululwe ngaphambi kokuba siqale ukundiza—ukusabela kwamandla ajikelezisayo okubangelwa i-rotor eyinhloko. Kuyini “ukusabela kwamandla ajikelezisayo”? Ake uzicabange uzama ukuqinisa ibhawodi elingenhla kwekhanda lakho usebenzisa udlawu olukhulu lokubopha lapho ugqoke izicathulo zokushwiba ezinamasondo. Njengoba usontela udlawu ngakolunye uhlangothi, umzimba wakho uzophendukela ngakolunye uhlangothi. Lokhu kuvumelana nomthetho wesayensi wokunyakaza wokuthi kunoma yisiphi isinyathelo kukhona ukusabela okulinganayo nakulokho okwenzeka ngakolunye uhlangothi. Endabeni yendiza enophephela emhlane, lapho injini iqondisela uphephela ngakolunye uhlangothi, indiza ngokwayo ijikelezela ngakolunye uhlangothi. Indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ukuze kuvinjelwe lokhu uphephela wokulwisana namandla abangela ukujikeleza, noma uphephela omncane, oxhunywa emsileni. Ngenxa yamaphini amabili aqondisayo e-rudder, umshayeli uyakwazi ukwandisa noma anciphise amandla kaphephela osemsileni futhi ngaleyondlela agcine ukuhamba kwalendiza kulawuleka.

Igiya lokugcina esizoxoxa ngalo i-throttle. Amandla enjini kufanele aqashelwe njalo umshayeli lapho esebenzisa amagiya, okuwusizo ekulinganiselweni kwejubane. Kwakuyilokhu kuqashelwa njalo kwesilinganiso sejubane okwaxwayisa umshayeli okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni ngokuhluleka kwenjini okwakungenzeka ngisho nangaphambi kokuba injini yayihluleke ngokuphelele. Ezindizeni zanamuhla ezinophephela emhlane ezinama-gas turbine, omningi walomsebenzi uye wancishiswa ngokufakwa kwesimiso esilawula ijubane lenjini.

Ukonga Isikhathi—Nokuphila!

Izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ziye zabizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi ziyimiklamo yasemoyeni ewusizo ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-August 1979, isiphepho esinamandla saphazamisa umncintiswano wezikebhe we-English Fastnet. Kwafa amadoda ayishumi nanhlanu kulokho okwachazwa ngokuthi “inhlekelele embi kunazo zonke emlandweni womjaho wezikebhe.” Lelinani lalizoba libi kakhulu ukube kwakungengenxa yomsebenzi wezisebenzi zezindiza ezinophephela emhlane. Phakathi nesinye isenzakalo sokophula, umshayeli kwadingeka aqaphele amagagasi ayezungeze leyondawo futhi agcine indiza yakhe yehla yenyuka ukuze agweme ukushaywa yilamagagasi. Omunye umbiko wezindaba wachaza lokhu njengokudlala “umdlalo wokuphila noma ukufa wokugxumagxuma phakathi kweziqongo ezingamamitha angu-13 zamagagasi ayingozi.”

Imikhumbi emikhulu ethwala uwoyela ehamba ngaseCape of Good Hope yaseningizimu Afrika ingamukela izinto ezintsha, izingxenye ezidingekayo, futhi ngisho nokushintshwa kwamatilosi ngendiza enophephela emhlane, ngaphandle kokuba ize iye ethekwini. Kodwa kuyinqubo okunzima kabi ukuyilandela. Umshayeli umisa indiza emoyeni ngaphezu kwendawo yomkhumbi eyisicaba ezohlala kuyo ngokulinganisa ijubane lomkhumbi elincishisiwe lokuya phambili. Khona-ke kumelwe alinganise ukunyakaza komkhumbi okwenzeka ezinhlangothini ukuze ayihlalise ngesineke esikhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.

Kunjani Ukuhamba Ngendiza Enophephela Emhlane?

Kulabo abathanda ukundiza, ukushayeleka kwendiza kuhlaba umxhwele ngendlela engaqhathaniseki nezinye izinhlobo zezinto zokundiza. Kungokuhlangenwe nakho okuvusa amadlingozi ukukwazi ukuma emoyeni, uye emuva noma emaceleni kancane noma ujikeleze ngesiyingi esiphelele endaweni engaba ingxenye yemitha ukusuka emhlabathini. Ukungayi phambili kwendiza enophephela emhlane lapho isuka kwenza ukuba kuzwakale kulondeke kakhulu ukundiza ngayo, futhi lapho indiza, umuntu usheshe akhangwe umhlaba phansi, ikakhulukazi lapho inqamula ngejubane maduzane nomhlaba.

Nokho, ekuqaleni umshayeli osafunda uyokuthola kunzima ukundizisa indiza enophephela emhlane, njengoba amagiya eshesha kakhulu ukuzwela futhi ayizinzile kakhulu kunendiza enezimpiko. Lapho esengumshayeli ongumpetha, kuyinjabulo ukuyindizisa futhi mhlawumbe kulula, kunendiza ngenxa yokuphakama kwayo kalula kanye namasu okuyihlalisa phansi.

Namuhla indiza enophephela emhlane iwumshini oklanywe ngobuchwepheshe—umklamo wasemoyeni owusizo ngokuphawulekayo ngempela. Yiqiniso, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye zezidalwa zikaJehova ezindizayo, njenge-dragonfly ne-hummingbird, ingase ibonakale ingelutho ngobuciko. Nalapho, isewumshini omangalisayo. Futhi manje njengoba sewazi kancane ngayo, mhlawumbe ungathanda ukugibela enye!

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 12]

Umklamo KaLeonardo da Vinci womshini ondiza uqonde ngqó phezulu

[Umthombo]

Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France, Paris

[Isithombe ekhasini 12]

Indiza ethutha abantu esikhumulweni

Isithombe ekhasini 13]

Ukuhlengwa olwandle ngendiza ye-RAF

[Umthombo]

Courtesy of the Ministry of Defense, London

[Isithombe ekhasini 13]

Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile asebenzisa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane

[Imidwebo/Izithombe ekhasini 13]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Uhlu lwamagiya lulawula i-engela ye-“rotor disc,” yona enquma uhlangothi indiza ezoya kulo

I-“rotor disc”

Indiza enophephela emhlane imi emoyeni

Ukundiza ihlehle

Ukundiza iye phambili

I-“Collective pitch lever”

Uhlu lwamagiya

Amaphini aqondisayo e-“rudder”