“Umuzi Ugcwele Ukucindezela”
LAPHO umprofethi weBhayibheli uHezekeli ekhuluma ngomuzi (idolobha) ‘owawugcwele ukucindezela,’ wayengazi lutho ngezinkinga ezihlupha amadolobha anamuhla. (Hezekeli 9:9, An American Translation) Futhi amazwi akhe ayengeyona indlela ecashile yokubikezela lezizinkinga. Nokho, lokho akubhala kwakuyoba incazelo enembile yamadolobha ekhulu lama-20.
Incwadi ethi 5000 Days to Save the Planet yaphawula: “Njengoba engakhangi futhi engasenjengakuqala, amadolobha ethu akujabulisi ukuhlala kuwo nokuwabuka. . . . Izakhiwo ezanda ngokuqhubekayo ezakhiwa emadolobheni ethu ziye zakhiwa becatshangelwa kancane noma bengacatshangelwa nhlobo labo okumelwe baphile futhi basebenze kuzo.”
Amaqiniso Ababayo Ngokuqondene Namadolobha
Amadolobha ayisishiyagalolunye, akhiwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, aye achazwa amaphephandaba nomagazini ngendlela elandelayo. Ingabe ungasho ukuthi yiliphi idolobha okukhulunywa ngalo?
IDolobha A, lakhiwe eLatin America, lidume ngokuba nentsha engababulali abakhokhelwayo nokuba nezinga eliphakeme lokubulala. Futhi laziwa njengesizinda senhlangano engemthetho yezidakamizwa.
IDolobha B “idolobha elibi kunawo wonke [e-United States] ngokuphanga emigwaqweni.” Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili zokuqala ngo-1990, ukubulala ‘kwakwenyuke ngamaphesenti angu-20 uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lenkathi efanayo’ onyakeni owawandulela.
“Abantu abayizigidi eziningana ngonyaka bathutheleka ezindaweni ezingamadolobha zaseNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika, nase-Asia . . . , bathuthela kulokho abanombono wokuthi kuyizwe lesithembiso.” Njengoba bengalitholi, abaningi baphoqeleka ukuba baphile ngobumpofu, bagcine sebenxiba noma sebentshontsha ukuze baphile. Ingxenye yezakhamuzi zeDolobha C lase-Afrika nezeDolobha D lase-Asia—kanye namaphesenti angu-70 eDolobha E lase-Asia—kubikwa ukuthi banezindlu zezinga eliphansi.
“Nakuba [iDolobha F] liphakathi kwezindawo ezingamadolobha ezinkulu ezilondeke kakhulu eNyakatho Melika, ukungabibikho kwemisebenzi okwandayo, ukwanda kwezinga lobugebengu nenzondo yobuhlanga kuye kwabangela ukuba izakhamuzi zalo ziyingabaze impumelelo. Ubugebengu . . . buye badumaza izakhamuzi zalelidolobha. Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili kwande ngamaphesenti angu-19 . . . ukubulala kwande ngamaphesenti acishe abe ngu-50.”
“Nsuku zonke abantu abangu-1 600 bathuthela [eDolobheni G laseLatin America] . . . Uma [li]qhubeka likhula ngalelizinga abantu abayizigidi ezingu-30 bayobe behlala kulo ekupheleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka. Bayozabalaza kulelidolobha ngonyawo lonwabu phakathi kwezimoto eziyizigidi ezingu-11, bevinjwe yizimoto eziwuhide amahora amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa . . . Ukungcoliswa komoya . . . kungaphezulu kakhulu kwezinga elamukelekayo. . . . Amaphesenti angamashumi amane azo zonke izakhamuzi aphethwe isifo esingamahlalakhona se-bronchitis. . . . Phakathi namahora okuhamba kwezimoto eziningi izinga lomsindo enkabeni yalelidolobha likhula lifinyelela phakathi kwama-decibel angu-90 nangu-120; ama-decibel angu-70 abhekwa njengavala izindlebe.”
“Usuku ngalunye amathani angu-20 endle yezinja abuthwa njalo emigwaqweni nasemaceleni emigwaqo [eDolobheni H laseYurophu]. . . . Naphezu kwezindleko nokuba kwako yisicefe, kuvele esinye isici esingathi sína ngokwengeziwe. Indle yezinja iwumthombo wesifo esibangelwa isilokazane esithwala amagciwane okuthiwa i-Toxocara canis. Ingxenye yezindawo zokudlala zabantwana namabhokisi anesihlabathi [kwalelidolobha] kwatholakala kunamaqanda amancane angafi kalula alesisilokazane esithwala amagciwane, esingena ezindlini ngezicathulo nangezidladla zezilwane ezihlala endlini. . . . Ukukhathala, ubuhlungu besisu, ukuzwela komzimba ezintweni ezithile, izinkinga zenhliziyo nemithambo ehlobene nayo kuyizimpawu zokuqala zalesisifo.”
“Nakuba [iDolobha I lase-Asia] lihlushwa yizo zonke izinkinga zenhlokodolobha ethuthukiswe ngokweqile ezweni elingathuthukile—ubumpofu, ubugebengu, ukungcola—seliqale ukuzibonakalisa lingelinye lamadolobha amakhulu ekhulu lama-21.”
Ayehluka Noma Ayefana Wonke?
Ingabe uye wakwazi ukubiza lamadolobha ngamagama awo afanele? Cishe akwenzekanga, ngoba kulezizinkinga okukhulunywe ngazo ayikho efanela ngokukhethekile nelilodwa lanoma yiliphi lalamadolobha. Kunalokho, ziwuphawu lwalokho okungalungile cishe kuwo wonke amadolobha kungakhathaliseki ukuthi makhulu kangakanani emhlabeni wonke.
IDolobha A, ngokwe-Süddeutsche Zeitung yansuku zonke yaseJalimane liyiMedellín, eColombia. Isibalo sababulawa sehla sisuka ku-7 081 ngo-1991 siba ngabangu-6 622 “kuphela” ngo-1992. Nakuba kunjalo, i-Tiempo yansuku zonke yaseColombia ibika ukuthi, phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, abantu abacishe babe ngu-45 000 baye bafa lapho ngezindlela zobudlova. Ngakho-ke amaqembu ahlukahlukene ezakhamuzi njengamanje ayazikhandla ezama ukunciphisa ubugebengu kulelidolobha nokuthuthukisa idumela lalo.
Ukuchazwa kweDolobha B yi-New York Times ngokuthi iDolobha laseNew York cishe akubamangalisi abantu abake bavakashela khona eminyakeni yamuva nje futhi ngokuqinisekile akuzimangalisi izakhamuzi zalo.
Izibalo ezinikezwa umagazini waseJalimane i-Spiegel ngokuphathelene nenani labantu abaphila ezimweni zobumpofu eNairobi, eKenya (C), eManila, ePhilippines (D), naseCalcutta, eNdiya (E) zibonisa ukuthi abantu abengeziwe bavaleleke ezindaweni zokuhlala ezingajabulisi kulamadolobha amathathu kuphela kunokuba baphile kuwo wonke amazwe anothile aseYurophu njengeDenmark noma iSwitzerland.
IDolobha F—iToronto, eCanada—lachazwa umagazini i-Time ngo-1991 esihlokweni ngandlela-thile esasingathophi kunaleso esanyatheliswa eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambili. Umbiko wokuqala, owawunesihloko esithi “Ekugcineni, Idolobha Elisebenzayo,” watusa idolobha “elikhanga cishe wonke umuntu.” Wacaphuna amazwi esivakashi esathi: “Lendawo ingase ingenze ngiphinde ngikholelwe ekubalulekeni kwamadolobha.” Ngokudabukisayo, ngokusobala “idolobha elisebenzayo” manje lihlushwa izinkinga ezifanayo nalezo ezikhathaza amanye amadolobha awohlokayo.
Nakuba ukhuluma ngeDolobha G ngokuthi “lingelinye lamadolobha amahle kakhulu nayisimanjemanje emazweni aseMelika, futhi nelingelinye lalawo aphucuke kakhulu,” nokho umagazini i-Time uyavuma ukuthi leli “yiDolobha laseMexico labanothile, yebo, nelezivakashi ezibuka amazwe.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokwe-World Press Review, abampofu banqwabelene ndawonye “kwamanye amafuku angu-500 enhloko-dolobha” emijondolo “eyakhiwe ngodoti wezimboni, ngamakhalibhothi, ngezingxenye zezimoto ezonakele, nezinto zokwakha ezintshontshiwe.”
IDolobha H lichazwa umagazini waseFrance wamasonto onke i-Express ngokuthi iParis, leyo, ngokwe-New Encyclopædia Britannica, “amakhulu ngamakhulu eminyaka, ngenqubo engachazeki ngokuphumelelayo, . . . esikhange ngokungagwemeki izigidigidi emhlabeni wonke.” Nokho, ngenxa yezinkinga ezingathi sína ezikhona, okunye kokukhanga ‘kweGay Paree’ sekunyamalele.
NgeDolobha I, i-Time ithi: “Njengoba abaseNtshonalanga babeyibheka njengenhlokodolobha enokuthula, ejabulisayo yaseSiam yasendulo, ‘iVenice YaseMpumalanga,’ idolobha lanamuhla elingaqondakali lezingelosi namathempeli egolide liyidolobha lamuva lase-Asia elichuma ngamabhizinisi nangamanani abantu.” Ngisho nezingelosi namathempeli ayo kuye kwehluleka ukuvimbela iBangkok, eThailand, okungenani okwesikhashana, ukuba ingabi “idolobha eliwadlula wonke emhlabeni ngomkhuba wokuthengisa ngobulili.”
Ukuhlolisisa Amadolobha
Eshumini leminyaka elidlule intatheli ethile yaphawula ukuthi nakuba amadolobha amakhulu ebonakala “enezimo ezibucayi ezifanayo, ngalinye linezici zalo ezihlukile, futhi ngaleyondlela libe nendlela yalo ekhethekile yokuzabalazela ukusinda.” Ngo-1994, amadolobha asazabalaza, ngalinye lizabalaza ngendlela yalo.
Akubona bonke abantu abacabanga ukuthi ukulwela ukusinda ngeke kusasiza. Ngokwesibonelo, owake waba umphathi-dolobha waseToronto wabonisa ukuba nethemba, lapho ethi: “Angicabangi ukuthi lelidolobha liyawohloka. Libhekene nenselele, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi singayixazulula lenkinga.” Yiqiniso, amanye amadolobha aye abhekana ngokuphumelelayo, noma okungenani azinciphisa, izinkinga zawo ezithile. Kodwa lokhu kwadinga okungaphezu nje kokuba nethemba.
Ngo-January odlule intatheli u-Eugene Linden yabhala: “Isiphetho salelizwe sihlangene nesiphetho samadolobha alo.” Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umphumela unjani, amadolobha aye alolonga izwe lethu, futhi ayaqhubeka enza kanjalo. Futhi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi awasendulo noma awanamuhla, aye asithonya ngokuqondile—mhlawumbe ngaphezu kokuba singase sicabange. Yingakho ukusinda kwawo kuhlangene kakhulu nokwethu.
Khona-ke, ukuhlolisisa amadolobha, akuve kungenxa yokukhulisa ulwazi. Okubaluleke nangaphezulu, kuzosiqaphelisa ngesimo esiyingozi lelizwe eselizithole likuso. Ngakho masiqale “Ukuhlolisisa Amadolobha.” Siyethemba ukuthi loluchungechunge olunezingxenye eziyisithupha lwe-Phaphama! luzothakazelisa, lwakhe, futhi lukhuthaze abafundi balomagazini. Naphezu kwezinkinga zezwe ezingathi sína—ezizibonakalisa ngokucacile ekuzabalazeleni ukusinda kwamadolobha ethu—akulahlwa mbeleko ngakufelwa!
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 6]
“Isiphetho salelizwe sihlangene nesiphetho samadolobha alo.”
—Umlobi u-Eugene Linden
[Isithombe ekhasini 7]
Ukuhambela amadolobha ahlukahlukene kungase kube lula, kodwa akulula ukuxazulula izinkinga zawo