Ukubuka Okwezwe

Ingcebo YaseRoma Itholakale E-Brithani

Kuye kwavumbululwa inqwaba yohlweza lwegolide, isiliva, ne-bronze olungu-14 780, kanye nomgexo wegolide ongamasentimitha angu-90 ubude, izigqizo zegolide ezingu-15, nezipuni zesiliva ezingaba yikhulu epulazini laseSuffolk, eNgilandi. Leliqoqo latholwa umlimi othile osethathe umhlalaphansi owayesebenzisa umshini wokufuna izinto ezenziwe ngensimbi ukuze afune isando esasilahlekile. Omunye uchwepheshe uye walinganisela inani lalokhu okutholakele okungenani kumaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-50. Iqembu elithile labahluleli lathi lengcebo iyimpahla kaHulumeni WaseBrithani, okusho ukuthi u-Eric Lawes oneminyaka engu-70 ubudala, owathola leliqoqo, uyothola inkokhelo ewumthobanhliziyo elingana nentengo yokuhweba ngaleliqoqo. I-Guardian Weekly ibika ukuthi lengcebo ibekwe embukisweni womphakathi eBritish Museum.

Ukuzamazama Okubulalayo KwaseNdiya

Umagazini i-Time uthi: “Njengoba inekhanda lendlovu nomzimba wendoda enomkhaba, iNkosi uGanesha ingomunye wonkulunkulu bobuHindu abathandwa kakhulu, unkulunkulu wezinto ezintsha nenhlanhla.” Kodwa ngemva kwamahora ambalwa umkhosi wezinsuku eziyishumi wokuhlonipha lonkulunkulu wenhlanhla uphelile, isifunda saseNdiya esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga sahlaselwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okwabhidliza izindlu emadolobhaneni angaphezu kuka-50. Eduze kwendawo okwaqala kuyo lokhu kuzamazama, okwakunesilinganiso esingu-6,4 esikalini sikaRichter, amaphesenti angu-90 edolobhana laseKillari awohloka ngokuphelele. Okunye ukulinganisa kuthi abantu abafa bangaphezu kuka-20 000, okwenza lokhu kuzamazama kube okubi kunakho konke okwake kwahlasela lelizwekazi elincane laseNdiya eminyakeni engu-58. Abaningi abafa kwathiwa ababulawanga amandla okuzamazama, kodwa indlela yakudala izindlu eziningi ezakhiwe ngayo, ezakhiwe ngodaka noma ngamatshe, ezabhidlika futhi zangcwaba abantu abahlala kuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzamazama komhlaba eSan Francisco eminyakeni embalwa edlule kwaba nesilinganiso esingu-6,9 esikalini sikaRichter. Nokho, kwabikwa ukuthi kwafa abantu abangu-67 kuphela, kuhlanganise nababulawa ukuhlaselwa isifo senhliziyo.

Izinkinga Zokufunda ECanada Nase-United States

Ukuhlolwa kwabangafundile okwenziwa uhulumeni iminyaka emine e-United States kuye kwabonisa ukuthi “cishe ingxenye yezakhamuzi zalelizwe eziyizigidi ezingu-191 ezingabantu abadala azikwazi ukubhala kahle incwadi ngesiNgisi ephathelene namanani ayiphutha noma ukubala ubude bohambo lwebhasi zisebenzisa isimiso esinyathelisiwe,” kubika i-New York Times. Lokhu kusho ukuthi babhekana nobunzima ezindabeni zansuku zonke, njengokuthola ukwaziswa okunembile ephephandabeni, ukugcwalisa ipheshana lokufaka imali ebhange, ukufunda isimiso sokuhamba kwebhasi, noma ukufunda ipheshana lomuthi elichaza isilinganiso esifanele okufanele siphuzwe. Ngokwe-Globe and Mail, ukuhlola okufanayo okungokomthetho eCanada kwabonisa ukuthi “amakhono okufunda amaphesenti angu-16 abantu abadala baseCanada alinganiselwe kakhulu ukuba angakwazi ukusingatha izinto eziningi ezibhaliwe abhekana nazo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke” nokuthi amanye amaphesenti angu-22 angafunda kuphela ukwaziswa okuchaza ngokucacile umsebenzi olula nojwayelekile. Izinga lokukhiqiza eliphansi, amaphutha, nezingozi ngenxa yemfundo ephansi kuye kwabiza amabhizinisi amaRandi ayizigidi zezinkulungwane eziningi.

Isithunzi Sabefundisi Emphakathini Siyancipha

“Unyaka ngamunye kusukela ngo-1988, ukuhlola kukaGallup kuye kwabonisa ukuthi baningi abantu abakholelwa ukuthi inkolo iphelelwa ithonya kunalabo abakholelwa ukuthi ithonya lenkolo liyakhula,” kuphawula i-Los Angeles Times. Esinye isizathu siwukuthi umphakathi awusawuhloniphi umsebenzi wobufundisi. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili edlule amaphesenti angu-67 amaMelika ayebeka abefundisi ezingeni “eliphakeme” noma ngisho “eliphakeme kakhulu” ngokwethembeka nangezindinganiso zokuziphatha. Ukuhlola okwenziwa ngo-1993 kwabonisa ukwehlela kumaphesenti angu-53. Kungani? Izenzo eziyihlazo ezihilela ukuziphatha okubi ngokobulili kwabavangeli bethelevishini, abefundisi bamaProthestani, nabapristi bamaKatolika ziye zangcolisa isithunzi sabefundisi, njengoba kuye kwenza izimpikiswano eziphathelene nesikhwama sokuqoqa imali. Ngo-1988, osokhemisi bathatha isikhundla sabefundisi sokuthandeka kakhulu emphakathini. Okunye ukuhlola kwaze kwabonisa nokuthi amabhizinisi azimele, kanye nama-computer nobuchwepheshe, kwakusesikhundleni esiphakeme kunamasonto njengamathonya amahle. Kodwa umphakathi usakholelwa ukuthi abefundisi bathembeke kakhulu kunezazi zezombangazwe nezintatheli.

Izilwane Zasendle ZaseNdiya Ziyasongelwa

Ngonyaka odlule izikhulu ze-Union Environment Ministry yaseNdiya zase zizimisele ukumemezela impumelelo yazo ekulondolozeni ihlosi laseNdiya lapho zithola ukuthi kwenzeka okuthile okuphambene: Lelihlosi liphokophelele ekuqothulweni. Kusukela ngo-1988 abazingeli baye babulala amahlosi angaba ngu-1 500 kwangu-4 500 endle. Cishe zonke izingxenye zamahlosi abulewe—izikhumba, amathambo, igazi, ngisho nezitho zobulili—zidayiswa ezimakethe zomshoshaphansi ngenzuzo enhle. Futhi ezohwebo ezingemthetho zisongela ukuqothulwa kwezinye izilwane eNdiya. Inani lobhejane ababulawelwa izimpondo zabo liye laphindeka kabili. Futhi kubulawa amanani amakhulu ezindlovu ezingamaduna ngenxa yamazinyo azo. Zonke izinhlobo zezingwe zibulawa ngenxa yezikhumba zazo, ama-musk deer abulawa ahlinzwe ngenxa yezikhwama ezinamakha ezingaphansi kwezisu zawo, namabhele amnyama abulawa ngenxa yenyongo yawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoka nezibankwa kubulawelwa izikhumba zakho, nochakide babulawelwa uboya babo obuvokomele, obusetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhulashi. Ezinye izilwane, njengezimfudu noklebe, zithunyelwa ngaphandle ngokuhweba okungemthetho. Onogada bamahlathi besaba ukubulawa abazingeli abahloma ngezikhali ezisabekayo.

Umbiko Wezwe Wezempilo

Ichaza umbono ongenathemba wokulwa nezifo embulungeni yonke, embikweni wayo wesishiyagalombili ngesimo sezwe sezempilo, i-World Health Organization ithi: “Kubonakala sengathi izifo zasemazweni ashisayo ziye zadlondlobala, njengoba ikholera isakazekela eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika okokuqala ngqá kulelikhulu leminyaka, imiqedazwe ye-yellow fever nodenga ihlasela abaningi, futhi isimo sikamalaleveva siyawohloka . . . Ubhadane lwengculaza lusakazeka embulungeni yonke . . . isifo sofuba siyanda . . . Ngokokuqala ngqá emazweni asathuthuka, inani labantu abanomdlavuza liye ladlula elalabo abanawo emazweni asethuthukile. Isifo sikashukela siyanda yonke indawo.” Uhlanganisa inkathi ephakathi kuka-1985-90, lombiko ubonisa ukuthi ukufa kwabayizigidi ezingu-46,5 kwabayizigidi ezingu-50 unyaka ngamunye kubangelwa ukugula nezifo nokuthi abantwana abacishe babe izigidi ezine kwabayizigidi ezingu-140 abazalwa unyaka ngamunye bafa phakathi namahora ambalwa noma ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokuzalwa kwabo. Unyaka ngamunye abayizigidi eziyisikhombisa bangenwa umdlavuza, futhi ngonyaka abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi bangenwa i-HIV ebangela ingculaza. Ngasohlangothini oluhle, izifo ezithile zabantwana, njengesimungumungwane nompenge, ziyancipha, futhi ubude besikhathi sokuphila buye banda ngonyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili. Manje isilinganiso sobude bokuphila embulungeni yonke siyiminyaka engu-65.

Ukufa Okuhlobene Nokubhema Kuyancipha E-United States

I-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yase-U.S. isimemezele ukuncipha kwenani lokufa okuhlobene nokubhema—elokuqala selokhu kwaqala ukugcinwa izibalo ngo-1985. Inani lamaMelika afa unyaka ngamunye ngenxa yokubhema ugwayi lehla ngo-15 000, kuya ku-419 000 ngo-1990, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuncipha kwesifo senhliziyo esibangelwa ukubhema. Abantu abadala baseMelika abangamaphesenti angaba ngu-42,4 babebhema ngo-1965. Ngo-1990 kwakungamaphesenti angu-25,5. Nokho, ukubhema kuseyimbangela enkulu yezifo nokufa okungavimbeleka futhi kwandisa izindleko zezempilo ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-66,4 ngonyaka. Nakuba uhulumeni usebenzisa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-3,32 ngonyaka ekukhangiseni okumelene nokubhema, izimboni zikagwayi zisebenzisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13,3 ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhangiseni okukhuthaza ukubhema. I-CDC ibika ukuthi ukubhema kubangela ukuncipha kobude bokuphila ngeminyaka emihlanu kumuntu ngamunye obhemayo.

Ukuphelelwa Ithemba Nenhliziyo

“Ukuphelelwa ithemba okubeleselayo nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo kuwathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo amathuba omuntu okuba nesifo senhliziyo nokubulawa imiphumela yaso,” kuphawula i-Science News. Abacwaningi bathi: “Ukuphelelwa ithemba nokudabuka okuthatha iminyaka eminingi, kodwa ‘okungacindezeli kakhulu,’ kunganciphisa amandla okusebenza kwenhliziyo.” Lababacwaningi bahlola abantu abadala abangu-2 832, abaneminyaka engu-45 kuya ku-77, iminyaka engaba ngu-12. Bonke baqala bengenaso isifo senhliziyo nezinye izifo ezingamahlalakhona. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi kubantu abahlolwa babebaningi ngokuphindwe kane ababebulawa isifo senhliziyo kulabo ababika ukuphelelwa ithemba kakhulu kunalabo abangabikanga ukuphelelwa ithemba nokuthi izehlakalo zezifo zenhliziyo ezingabulali zazibonakala ngokuphindaphindiwe kwababecindezelekile. Izinga lokubulawa isifo senhliziyo lalilikhulu ngokuphawulekayo ngisho naphakathi kwababecindezelekile futhi bephelelwe ithemba kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abangabikanga ukuphelelwa ithemba.

Awabonakali Ezonqamuka

Ngo-1989, uCraig Shergold, umfanyana waseBrithani oneminyaka eyisikhombisa, wayenesimila ebuchosheni futhi kwakungalindelekile ukuba aphile. Isifiso sakhe kwakuwukuqopha umlando womhlaba wokuthola amakhadi amfisela ukululama amaningi kakhulu. Njengoba kwasakazwa abezindaba ne-Children’s Wish Foundation International ezinze e-Atlanta, lomlando waqoshwa phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa. Ngonyaka wokuqala kwamukelwa amakhadi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-16, ayeyizigidi ezingu-33 ngo-1992. Namanje kusamukelwa amakhadi ngesilinganiso sangu-300 000 ngesonto ngisho nakuba eminyakeni emibili edlule kwakhishwa izicelo zokuba kungabe kusathunyelwa engeziwe. Ukubalwa kwamiswa eseyizigidi ezingu-60. “Sinendlu yokugcina izimpahla engamafidi-skwele angu-10 000 [amamitha-skwele angu-900] egcwele phama iposi elingakavulwa namanje,” kusho umongameli walenhlangano, u-Arthur Stein. Ngosizo lomuntu othile owanikela ngemali, uCraig wahlinzwa ekuqaleni kuka-1991, futhi kwakhishwa amaphesenti angu-90 alesisimila.