Ukubuka Okwezwe

Ukwehla Kwamandla Emali Ngamaphesenti Ayisigidi

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali eFederal Republic of Yugoslavia lenyukela kumaphesenti ayisigidi ngo-December 1993, ngokwe-Federal Statistics Bureau yakulelizwe. Amanani ezinto ayenyuke ngokuphindwe ka-2 839 kunangenyanga engaphambi kwalokho, futhi ekhuphuke ngokuphindwe kazigidi zezigidi eziyisithupha kunalokho ayeyikho ngasekuqaleni kwalowonyaka. Ngenxa yalokho imali enyathelisiwe ibhekwa njengeyize ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje ngemva kokunyatheliswa kwayo. Ukuze libhekane nalokhu, ibhange lesizwe belilokhu lehlisa amaqanda ku-dinar. Ezinyangeni ezintathu nje, o-dinar abayizigidi zezigidi ezinhlanu baye behla baba o-dinar abayisihlanu kuphela.

Ukuhileleka Enkolweni

Ekuhloleni okuthile, amaMelika angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 athi ayekholelwa kuNkulunkulu, futhi angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-40 athi ayeya ezinkonzweni masonto onke. Ukuhlola okuthile kukaGallup kwango-1992 kwabonisa ukuthi amaProthestani angamaphesenti angu-45 e-United States namaKatolika angamaphesenti angu-51 ayeya esontweni noma nini. Nokho, ukuhlola okusha kubonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi bathi bathanda inkolo futhi baya njalo esontweni kunalokho eqinisweni abayikho. Ngokwelinye iqembu labacwaningi, eqinisweni amaProthestani angamaphesenti angu-20 namaKatolika angamaphesenti angu-28 kuphela aya esontweni masonto onke. Elinye iqembu liye lathola ukuthi abantu abadala baseMelika abayizigidi ezingu-36 kuphela—amaphesenti angu-19—abakusebenzisa njalo okushiwo isonto labo futhi cishe oyedwa kwabathathu kubantu baseMelika abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-18 akanasithakazelo enkolweni. “Nakuba inkolo yandile eMelika, bayingcosana kuphela abayithatha ngokungathi sína,” kusho i-Newsweek. “Ingxenye yabantu baseMelika ithi inenkolo engasithonyi isimo sayo sengqondo noma ukuziphatha kwayo.”

Ukuntuleka Kwamanzi Kuyasondela

“Njengoba iqhwa nemvula kungaguquki uma kuqhathaniswa, amanzi avuselelwayo alinganiselwe kakhulu,” kuphawula umagazini i-Science. “Ngo-2025, inani labantu abahlala emazweni antula amanzi liyofinyelela [ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane] ezintathu,” futhi kakade “ngo-2000, amazwe ase-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi ayobe ethinteke kakhulu.” Ngokombiko we-Population Action International, kakade amazwe amaningi aseqeda imithombo yamanzi yangaphansi komhlaba, futhi amaningi ayehluleka ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwamanzi angavuseleleki navuselelekayo ekuhleleni kwawo isikhathi eside. Nakuba kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokuthuthukisa imithombo yamanzi, kuze kube manje iye yenziwa ize ukwanda kwabantu.

Ukuvimbela Ukungena Kwababaleki

Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule ababaleki baye banda ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili, kusho uSadako Ogata, uKhomishani Ophakeme Wababaleki We-UN, futhi lokhu kuye kwaphumela “ekwandeni okushaqisayo konya nesimo sengqondo sokuzonda ababaleki.” Ngasekupheleni konyaka odlule, ababaleki abayizigidi ezingu-19,7 babehlala ngaphandle kwamazwe akubo, futhi abanye abayizigidi ezingu-24 baxoshwa emazweni abo siqu. Emhlabeni wonke, umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-125 uye waphoqeleka ukushiya ukuphila okuvamile kwasekhaya ngenxa yobudlova, impi yombango, noma ushushiso. Lokhu kuye kwakhungathekisa “ikhono lomhlaba lokusabela” ‘nesiko lesintu lokunikeza isikhoselo,’ kubika i-Washington Post, ikhulumela lokhu kuhlola kokuqala kwababaleki embulungeni yonke. Amazwe amaningana, kakade acindezelwe ukuntenga komnotho nokukhathaza kwezingxabano ezibonakala zingaxazululeki, asethathé izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukungena kwababaleki. “Cishe zonke izingxabano ezabangela ababaleki emhlabeni . . . ngo-1993 zazenzeka ngaphakathi emazweni kunokwenzeka phakathi kwawo,” kusho lokhu kuhlola, kunxusa isimiso somhlaba wonke sokuqeda izimpi zombango. Okwamanje, ababaleki babhekene “nesimo sokungamukelwa kwezihambi.”

Upapa Usekela Umsebenzi Wendlu Ngendlu

Lamukela ukunxusa kukaJohn Paul II, iningi labalandeli beNhlangano Esekela UbuKatolika livumile ukushumayela endlini ngendlu nasemigwaqweni yaseRome nasezindaweni zayo ezingamadolobha. Njengoba kwabikwa ephephandabeni i-Repubblica, ‘lezizimbangi zoFakazi BakaJehova ezingamaphoshophosho ziyoxoxa indaba yokuphila kukaJesu.’ Iqembu lokuqala lakhiwe imikhaya engu-15 kuphela, kodwa upapa unethemba lokuthi lomkhankaso “ungase uthele izithelo eziningi kuyo yonke indawo.” Kungani kuthathwe lesisinyathelo esisha? Isigungu sabefundisi bamaKatolika siyaqaphela ukuthi “siye salahlekelwa ikhono laso lokukhanga, ukuheha kwaso okungokwenkolo,” kusho isazi sezenhlalo uMaria Macioti, futhi upapa ukhuthaza izinhlangano ezinjalo “ukuba zizuze abaphendukile ngokusebenzisa ukunxenxa ngokomzwelo okunamandla.” Umlobi ongumKatolika uSergio Quinzio uyanezela: “Sengathi alikho ithuba afuna ukulishaya indiva, enethemba, noma ekhohliswa ukuthi noma yini ingaba usizo.”

Inhlekelele Yendawo Ezungezile ERussia

“UViktor Danilow-Daniljan, uNgqongqoshe Wendawo Ezungezile WaseRussia, umemezele ukuthi amaphesenti angu-15 enhlabathi yaseRussia ayindawo eyinhlekelele,” kubika iphephandaba laseJalimane i-Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Ngokwalombiko, ingxenye yendawo yezolimo yaseRussia ayikufanele ukusetshenziswa njengendawo yokulima, futhi abantu abangaphezu kuka-100 000 bahlala ezindaweni lapho ukukhishwa kwemisebe kuphakeme kakhulu khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubikwa ukuthi abantu abangamashumi ezinkulungwane baye babulawa ushevu emafekthri okwakwakhiwa kuwo izikhali zamakhemikhali. ULew Fjodorow, umongameli we-Union for Chemical Safety, waphawula: “Uma ebhekwa ngokweso lezokwelapha, amalungiselelo ethu okulwa namakhemikhali aba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele.”

Izingane Ezinobudlova

Izingane ezibulalayo, eziphangayo, ezidlwengulayo, nezihlukumezayo zitholakala emazweni amaningi, futhi siyanda isehlakalo sobudlova nesihluku. Inani lokubulala kwentsha engaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 e-United States lakhuphuka ngamaphesenti angu-85 eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Okunye okuphazamisa ngendlela efanayo isimo sengqondo sokwedelela esiboniswa iningi labashoshozeli. Yini ebangela lezizinguquko? “Umphakathi wethu onobudlova, nezindinganiso zawo eziwohlokile, uye wabenza bamukeleka ubudlova,” kusho umagazini wezindaba waseJalimane i-Spiegel. “Izindinganiso ezicacile zokulungile nokungalungile, zokuhle nokubi . . . azisabonakali.” Uyanezela: “Izigebengu ezincane nazo ziyizisulu. Zimelela umphakathi wabantu abadala ezikhulela kuwo. . . . Zonke izingane eziziphatha ngobudlova ziye zabona futhi zafaka ngaphakathi isilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu sobudlova.” Izingane zibona “ubudlova bomhlaba wonke” ku-TV. Zithonywa ama-video anobudlova, imidlalo yama-computer, nezingoma ezikhazimulisa ukubulala nezinye izenzo zobudlova. Izinhlelo ze-TV zikhuthaza ubudlova njengendlela enengqondo yokuxazulula izinkinga nokulungisa ukungezwani. “Siye saba umphakathi ongenabo ubuntu,” kusho uprofesa oyisazi sengqondo waseHamburg uStefan Schmidtchen, “futhi nezingane zethu zithuthukisa leyondlela.”

Ukulala Nomntwana

“Besingenakunciphisa nje i-SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, [Ukufa Kwezinsana Ngokuzumayo]) kuphela, kodwa besiyokhulisa abantwana abanempilo, nabajabulile ukuba omama babenza into eyodwa nje vó: Ukulala nabantwana babo onyakeni wokuqala, kunokuba babalalise bodwa emibhedeni yabo,” kusho uJames McKenna, uprofesa wasePomona College eCalifornia. Ukulala eduze komzali “kusiza ekuqondiseni ukusebenza kwezitho zomzimba zomntwana ebusuku,” kubika i-Dallas Morning News. Ukuhlola kuye kwaqinisekisa ukuthi lapho umntwana elala eduze kukanina, ‘indlela yosana yokuphefumula, ukushaya kwenhliziyo nezigaba zokulala kulandela lokho kukanina.’ Futhi njengoba ngokuvamile umntwana ebhekana nonina, angancela kalula nganoma yisiphi isikhathi athanda ngaso. “Abantwana abalala bodwa emibhedeni yabo bathuntubezeka imizwa,” kusho uMnu. McKenna. “Sicabanga ukuthi lokhu kungaholela ekuntulekeni kokwakheka kokuhlakanipha okubalulekile futhi kuholele nasethubeni lezimo ezingabangela ingozi ye-SIDS.” Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi emazweni lapho kuvame khona ukuba abantwana balale nonina, amazinga e-SIDS aye ehla kakhulu.

Elakwa-Israel NeVatican Basayina Isivumelwano

Ngemva kokwenqaba iminyaka eminingi nokuxoxisana izinyanga ezingu-17, iVatican isayine isivumelwano sezingxoxo nelakwa-Israel. Izihambeli nhlangothi zombili zazifake izigqoko ezisamakapisi ezivala izindlebe njengoba iSekela LikaNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle uYossi Beilin, lisayinela elakwa-Israel neSekela Likanobhala Wezwe uMbhishobhi uClaudio Celli lisayinela iVatican. “IsiFunda Esingcwele Sikapapa,” kusho uCelli, “siyaqiniseka ukuthi ukukhulumisana nokubambisana ngenhlonipho phakathi kwamaKatolika namaJuda manje kuzonikezwa umfutho namandla amasha kwa-Israel nasemhlabeni wonke.” Lesisivumelwano sibopha iVatican ukuba ilwe nokubandlululwa kwamaJuda, futhi elakwa-Israel liyavuma ukunikeza lelisonto inkululeko yokukhulekela nelungelo lokwenza izinqubo zomphakathi kwa-Israel. Ezinye izinto zisadinga ukulungiswa, njengokuthelisa izimpahla zesonto kwa-Israel nokufinyelela ezindaweni ezingcwele. Nakuba inkinga yeJerusalema ingazange iphawulwe kulesisivumelwano, iVatican isinethemba lokuthi izoba nezwi ngesimo sokugcina salomuzi.

Isivumelwano Ngezinto Eziphilayo Siba Umthetho

Isivumelwano esasayinwa eBrazil amazwe angu-167 ngo-June 1992 sibe umthetho womhlaba wonke ekuqaleni kwalonyaka. Njengoba sibizwa ngokuthi i-Convention on Biological Diversity, lesisivumelwano sibopha amazwe asisayina ukuba asungule izindlela zokulondoloza izilwane, izitshalo, nezilwanyana ezincane ezikhona kulamazwe kanye nezindawo ezidingekile ezihlala kuyo. Amazwe asisayina kudingeka ashaye imithetho evikela izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisengozini futhi athuthukise ukuqaphela komphakathi ukusetshenziswa kahle kwemithombo yezinto eziphilayo nesidingo sokulondoloza imvelo. Lesisivumelwano sabangelwa ulwazi lokuthi ukuqothulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kwakwanda ngezinga elishaqisayo nokwesaba ukuthi ingxenye yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisele ingase inyamalale ngonyaka ka-2050. Lamazwe asayina kumelwe ahlangane ngasekupheleni kwalonyaka ukuze anqume indlela lesisivumelwano esizosebenza ngayo ngempela.