I-radial Keratotomy Iyini?
I-Phaphama! lapha inikeza ukwaziswa ngenqubo yokuhlinza eyaziwa ngokuthi i-radial keratotomy, lokho engakwenzela umuntu, nezingozi ezingase zihileleke. I-Phaphama! ayikutusi ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Kuyisinqumo somuntu ngamunye, ngemva kokuzihlolela mathupha, ukunquma ukuthi imfanele noma cha.
KWAMANYE amazwe muva nje i-radial keratotomy (RK) iye yakhangiswa ngezinga elikhulu kuthelevishini, komagazini, ezihlokweni zamaphephandaba, nasemsakazweni. Iye yaba indab’ egudwini emihlanganweni yomhlaba wonke yesayensi yezifo zamehlo eminyakeni emibili edlule. Nakuba sekuyiminyaka engu-20 lenqubo yenziwa futhi ichazwa abacwaningi bezokwelapha eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kwalokho, isanda kuba ethandwayo. Inani elandayo lodokotela bamehlo liya emihlanganweni futhi lifunda ukusebenzisa lenqubo.
Izigidi zabantu zizalwa zingakwazi ukubona kude noma ziba njalo kamuva. Kusho ukuthini “ukungakwazi ukubona kude”? Kusho ukungakwazi ukubona ngokucacile izinto ezikude ngaphandle kosizo lwezibuko zamehlo noma ama-contact lens. Ngokuvamile, abantu abangakwazi ukubona kude bangafunda ngaphandle kwezibuko zamehlo kodwa bavame ukusondeza lokho abakufundayo ukuze bakubone kahle.
I-radial keratotomy inqubo yokuhlinza ezama ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda isidingo sezibuko zamehlo zokubona kude lapho yenziwa kubantu abangakwazi ukubona kude. Lokhu kuhlinza kulolonga kabusha i-cornea ukuze lokho okubukwayo kuhlale kuyi-retina esikhundleni sokuhlala ngaphambi kwayo, njengasekuboneni izinto eziseduze. Kwenziwa imikleklo kusuka ongwengwezini olungaphandle lwe-cornea kuya ngasekupheleni kwengxenye yokubona ukuze lokho okubonwayo kugqame. Lemikleklo iyahluka ngokudepha, ngobude, nangenani.
Akukhona Ukuhlinza Okusha
AmaShayina asendulo azama ukuxazulula lenkinga yokungakwazi ukubona kude ngokulala ebeke amasaka esihlabathi emehlweni awo. Imiphumela yayingeyesikhashana nje. Emuva ngo-1894, amaphephabhuku ezokwelapha abika izindlela zokuhlinza zokulungisa noma zokulolonga i-cornea. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, odokotela abahlinzayo eNingizimu Melika, futhi kamuva eJapane, bachaza lamasu okuhlinza ukuze kushintshwe ukuma kwe-cornea ukuze ibone ngokucacile. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwamaJapane kwashukumisela udokotela ohlinzayo waseRussia ukuba athuthukise lendlela ayenze iphumelele kakhudlwana.
Njengoba imiphumela yayiba nokwethenjelwa, odokotela abahlinzayo abaningi bakwamanye amazwe bayiqaphela lendlela yokuhlinza. Babebuya bephindelela bezobheka imiphumela futhi baqala ukuyisebenzisa lendlela yokuhlinza emazweni akubo. Ngo-1979, kwabhalwa izincwadi ezazichaza lenqubo, imiphumela, nezinguquko ezidingekayo ukuze kube nemiphumela emikhulu ephumelelayo. Nakuba-ke lenqubo ingase ibe yintsha kuwe, ayiyintsha emkhakheni wokuhlinza.
Ukuze kuvikelwe umphakathi, kwahlolwa ukuphumelela nokungaphumeleli kwalendlela yokuhlinza ezikhungweni eziningana zokucwaninga e-United States, futhi imiphumela yanyatheliswa ngawo-1980 ekuhloleni okwakubizwa ngokuthi i-PERK. Khona-ke i-American Academy of Ophthalmology yamukela lenqubo njengendlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa i-myopia (ukungakwazi ukubona kude).
Ikufanele Yini I-RK?
Njengoba sesazi okuthile ngokuqala kwayo, ungazi kanjani ukuthi i-RK iyinqubo okufanele uyicabangele? Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuhlolwa amehlo ngokuphelele. Ngemva kokunquma kukadokotela ukuthi lenqubo iwafanele amehlo akho, amathuba okuphumelela kwalenqubo angaboniswa izinga lokungakwazi kwakho ukubona kude. Awamahle amathuba okuphumelela uma ungasakwazi kakhulu ukubona kude.
Uma ukuhlolwa kwamehlo akho kubonisa ukuthi ikufanele i-RK, uyothanda ukuthola udokotela ohlinzayo we-RK ongumakad’ ebona. Emadolobheni amaningi amakhulu, kukhona okungenani isazi esisodwa salenqubo esingumakad’ ebona. Ngokuya emihlanganweni okukhulunywa kuyo ngalenqubo, ukubukeza umlando wokuhlangenwe nakho, ukuxoxa nabake baphathwa ilesisifo nabanye odokotela bezifo zamehlo, mhlawumbe ungase uthole isazi sezifo zamehlo esinomlando ongaguquguquki wemiphumela emihle.
Phakathi kuka-1991 no-1992, e-United States, inani lodokotela bezifo zamehlo landa kusuka kumaphesenti angu-13 kuya kwangu-25. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abanye baseyizimfundamakhwelo, kodwa futhi kubonisa ukwamukeleka okwandayo kwalenqubo. Ochwepheshe kulomkhakha sebenxusa ukuba kuqeqeshwe odokotela abahlinzayo abasha ukuze bagweme izinkinga ezivamile ababhekana nazo odokotela abayizingqalabutho.
Ngaphambi kokuba unqume ukuthi uhlinzwe, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuba ufunde ngalenqubo ukuze ukwazi ukubuza imibuzo okudingeka uyazi. Odokotela abahlinzayo abaphumelelayo bangahlaziya isiguli ngasinye bese belungisa ukuhlinza ukuze balawule umphumela. Babhekana nesimo somuntu ngamunye, bevumelanisa ukuhlinza nalowomuntu. Ukucwaninga kuye kwaqinisekisa ukuthi umphumela unqunywa inani lemikleklo, ukudepha kwayo, nobude bayo. Okunye okucatshangelwayo ubudala besiguli, ubulili, ukucindezeleka kwamehlo, nokuma kwawo. Udokotela okuhlinzayo angase acabangele ezinye izici ukuze enze ngcono umphumela.
Ukwazi ukuthi udokotela ohlinzayo usenesikhathi esingakanani esebenzisa lenqubo yokuhlinza nokuthi usehlinze abantu abangaki kukubonisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe. Izihloko zamuva nje zamaphephabhuku ezokwelapha ziye zasikisela ukuthi okubalulekile ukuba udokotela ohlinza ngalenqubo abe nomshini wemifanekiso ye-video osebenza nge-computer obizwa ngokuthi i-Topographer. Lapho kunemishini ekahle, kulapho kunamathuba amahle okuthola imiphumela emihle ekuhlinzweni kwakho.
Inqubo
Uma unquma ukuthi ufisa ukuba lenqubo yenziwe kuwe, yini ongayilindela? Kukhona ukuxilongwa kwangaphambi kokuhlinzwa okuhilela ukuhlolwa kweso, ukulinganiswa kweso nobukhulu balo nge-ultrasound, ukulinganiswa kokushona kwalo, ukulinganiswa kokucindezeleka kwalo, futhi mhlawumbe nokuhlolwa kokuma kweso ngomshini we-video osebenza nge-computer. Ukuhlinzwa kwakho kuhlelwa ngakho konke lokhu kwaziswa. Ngemva kokuqonda nokusayina ifomu lokwamukela lenqubo, ngokuvamile unikezwa isidungamizwa.
Njengoba sikhuluma ngefomu lokwamukela lenqubo, ake sicabangele ezinye zezingozi ezishiwo kulelifomu. Lokhu kuhlinza kwenziwa ongwengwezini lweso olungaphandle. Imiphumela evamile izinkinga zokuphandlwa ukukhanya, ukukhanya kwezibani okungathi okwezinkanyezi, ukubona okuguquguqukayo, ukuzwa sengathi uxhophekile, amehlo omile, nokukhathazeka okuvamile ngeso, okungathatha amahora, izinsuku, amasonto, noma izinyanga. Lemikleklo yenza iso libe buthakathaka. Ubude besikhathi sobuthakathaka beso buyehluka kumuntu ngamunye. Izinkinga eziningi zingaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa imithi yamehlo esetshenziswa ngemva kokuhlinzwa nangokulandela iziqondiso ezikubekela imingcele emisebenzini ethile. Isiguli esilandela iziqondiso sandisa amathuba okuphumelela kwalenqubo.
Njengoba usulungele ukuhlinzwa, yini ezolandela? Emizuzwini engu-30 uphuzé isidungamizwa, uyiswa egunjini le-RK lokuhlinzela. Kuhlanzwa amajwabu eso lakho, bese wembozwa ebusweni ngendwangu. Ngalesisikhathi kungase kuthathwe izilinganiso zokugcina, futhi amathuluzi okuhlinza ahlolwa ngesibonakhulu ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi azosebenza kahle yini. Iso lakho lithelwa umuthi wokulenza libe ndikindiki. Lapho selindikindiki, kufakwa ithuluzi elibamba amajwabu eso ukuze ungacwayizi. Ugqolozela ukukhanya okuthile, bese kuphawulwa indawo ephakathi esweni lakho ukuze udokotela ohlinzayo aqale khona ukuhlinza. Khona-ke kubekwa uphawu esweni ukuze kuphawulwe indlela okuzohlinzwa ngayo, bese kuqala ukuhlinza.
Ukuhlinza kuqedwa emizuzwini engaphansi kwengu-20. Ngokuvamile iso liyembozwa isikhathi esithile, kodwa phakathi namahora angu-24 ungaqala ukubona ubungcono ekuboneni eduze. Izinguquko ezinkulu ekhonweni lokubona zenzeka ezinsukwini ezilandelayo ezingu-7 kuya kwezingu-30. Izinguquko ezincane kuphela ezenzeka ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu, futhi ekupheleni konyaka owodwa usuke usululaluleme. Eminyakeni engu-20 elandelayo, cishe isiguli esisodwa kwezine siyoqaphela izinguquko eziqhubekayo ekuboneni.
Akuyona Ekawonk’ uwonke
Sesithe fahla-fahla ngezinkinga. Manje ake sithi ukukhuluma ngemiphumela—elindelekile nengalindelekile. I-RK ayilungisi wonke amazinga okungakwazi ukubona kude. Cishe iyasiza kuzo zonke izimo, kodwa ayibafanele abanye abangakwazi ukubona kude. Abanye babona ngendlela eguquguqukayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi indlela ababona ngayo ekuseni ayifani nendlela ababona ngayo kusihlwa. Lokhu kuphawuleka kakhulu kubantu abasebenzisa i-computer usuku lonke. Iningi labahlinzwé nge-RK alihlushwa yilokhu unomphela, ingcosana kuphela ehlushwa yikho. Ngemva kokuhlinzwa nge-RK abaningi bakhononda ngokukhanya okuphandlayo ebusuku, nakuba iningi lingakhonondi ngokuthi lokhu kuyisimo esihlala unomphela. Ababenamehlo omile futhi mhlawumbe abayeka ama-contact lens ngenxa yalokho bayoqhubeka behlushwa yikho kuze kuphele izinyanga eziyisithupha. Abanye baye balungiswa ngokweqile, okwenza bangakwazi ukubona eduze futhi okungenza buthaka ikhono lokubona kude ngaphandle kwama-contact lens noma izibuko zamehlo. Lokhu akwandile kakhulu kodwa kuyenzeka kwabanye abahlinzwa nge-RK.
Ezinyangeni ezintathu zokuqala ngemva kokuhlinzwa, ukubona kungathintwa izinkinga zempilo ezivamile, ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, ukukhulelwa, imithi, ukushintsha umsebenzi, izindlela zokuvivinya umzimba, ukushintsha ukudla, futhi ikakhulukazi nokuntula isikhathi sokuphumula. Omunye udokotela ohlinzayo we-RK uye waphawula ukuthi abantu abaphakamisa izinsimbi njalo ngokuvamile kudingeka baphinde bahlinzwe ukuze babone ngendlela abayifisayo. Kunezinto eziningi ezithinta ikhono lokubona nsuku zonke, ikakhulukazi ezinyangeni ezintathu zokuqala. Isiguli kumelwe sizilindele izinguquko zekhono lokubona lapho siselulama.
I-RK ayiphumeleli kangangokuba ingathatha isikhundla sezibuko zamehlo noma ama-contact lens ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengoba zona zingavunyelaniswa nezidingo zakho ezithile. Ukuhlinza nge-RK kuyindlela evamile, futhi ngokuvamile abahlinzwé nge-RK abazisebenzisi izibuko zamehlo ngemva kokuhlinzwa. Futhi kungenzeka ukuba kulungiswe iso elilodwa kuphela ukuze elinye libone izinto ezikude elinye eziseduze. Ngemva kokuhlinza nge-RK ungahlinzwa futhi uma umgomo wekhono lokubona ungazange ufinyelelwe futhi uma kungafezwa okwengeziwe. Lokhu kudinga udokotela ohlinzayo ongumakad’ ebona owaziyo ukuthi kudingeka ahlinze kangakanani.
Hlolisisa, Wenze Isinqumo
Uma ucabangela lenqubo yokuhlinza iseluleko esingcono kunazo zonke ukuthola ukwaziswa okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngalendaba, njengoba kudingeka ubuze imibuzo efanele ukuze uthole izimpendulo ezingagunci. Khona-ke yiya kodokotela abaningana abahlinza ngokusebenzisa i-RK ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela ofisa ukuyisebenzisa. (IzAga 15:22) Ungase uthole ukuthi ingenziwa kahle lenqubo kuwe futhi ingase ithuthukise kakhulu indlela obona ngayo.
Muva nje emhlanganweni obuseSalt Lake City, e-Utah, e-U.S.A., kwanikezwa umbiko othile wokuhlolwa kwabahlinzwa nge-RK futhi abangodokotela bezifo zamehlo. Leziziguli cishe zavuma ngazwilinye ukuthi zaziyijabulela imiphumela yokuhlinzwa—amaphesenti amabili kuphela ayengajabulile, kodwa amaphesenti angu-98 kuzo ayejabulile.
Yeka indlela okujabulisa ngayo ukuvuka njalo ekuseni ubona ngokucacile ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izibuko! Lokhu kuyokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, hhayi ngokuhlinza, kodwa ngamandla aphezulu. Isimiso esisha sikaNkulunkulu siyokwenza ukuba wonke umuntu lapho owake wafaka izibuko zamehlo abone ngokucacile, kodwa ukubona okusha kuyothakazelisa ngokukhethekile kubantu abangakaze babone ngaphambili! “Khona amehlo ezimpumputhe ayakuvulwa.”—Isaya 35:5.
[Imidwebo/Izithombe ekhasini 25]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
Imiphumela Yokuhlinza Nge-RK
Iso elivamile libona imifanekiso ecacile nge-“retina”
I-“retina”
Umfanekiso ocacile
Iso elingakwazi ukubona kude libanzi kakhulu ukuba imifanekiso ingafinyelela i-“retina”
I-“retina”
Umfanekiso ofiphele
Isimiso semikleklo eyisishiyagalombili yangaphakathi neso kancane yenza i-“cornea” ibe isicaba
Iso, ngemva kokuhlinzwa nge-RK, lenza ukuba imifanekiso ifinyelele i-“retina,” kunikeze ikhono lokubona
I-“retina”
Umfanekiso ocacile
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 22]
The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck