ISarajevo—Kusukela Ngo-1914 Kuya Ku-1994

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! ESWEDEN

Sekudlule iminyaka engu-80 kusukela lezozinhlamvu zehlisa umshophi eSarajevo ngo-June 28, 1914. Lezizinhlamvu zabulala iNkosana uFrancis Ferdinand nomkakhe, iNkosazana uSophie, khona-ke ubutha phakathi kwe-Austria-Hungary neSerbia badlondlobalela eMpini Yezwe I. Ezinsizweni eziyizigidi ezingu-65 ezathunyelwa empini, eziyizigidi ezingaba ngu-9 azizange zibuye. Kwafa ingqikithi yabantu abayizigidi ezingu-21, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi ezaba izinkubela. Abanye basakhuluma ngokugqashuka kwaleyompi ngo-August 1914 njengesikhathi lapho “izwe lasangana khona.”

IZIBHAMU seziphinde zaqhuma ngokuphindaphindiwe kulo lonke elaseSarajevo. Akukhona eSarajevo kuphela kodwa nakuma-republic amaningana kwayisithupha ezwe elihlangene elaliyiYugoslavia.a Incwadi ethi Jugoslavien—Ett land i upplösning (IYugoslavia—Izwe Elihlukanayo) ithi: “Impi yombango lapho umakhelwane elwa khona nomakhelwane. Amagqubu amadala nemizindlo kuye kwakhula kwaba inzondo. Lenzondo iye yaholela ekulweni kona okuye kwaholela ekubulaleni nasekucekeleni phansi okukhulu. Kunjengobunzima obuqhubekayo, noma ukudlondlobala kwenzondo, ukudlinzekela, nokubulala.”

Lapho kugqashuka izimpi eYugoslavia ngo-June 1991, akuzange kumangalise ukuthi aba-ningi bakhumbula ukuqhuma kwezibhamu eSarajevo ngo-June 1914. Ingabe lengxabano entsha yayizoholela emiphumeleni ecekela phansi? Ingabe kwakuzosongelwa ukuthula eYurophu? Ingabe uhlelo “lokuqothulwa kobuzwe” (ukubulala ngamabomu nokuxosha iqembu lohlanga oluthile, lezombangazwe, noma elingokwesiko) lwaluzosakazekela kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba? Amazwe ngamazwe aye azama ngokuzikhandla ukuze aqede lempi. Kodwa yini ngempela eyimbangela yezinkathazo ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia? Ingabe izenzakalo zamuva eSarajevo zinokuhlobana okuthile nokubulala kwango-1914?

IYugoslavia NeMpi Yezwe I

Lezizingxabano azizintsha. Ekuqaleni nje kwalelikhulu leminyaka, kwakuthiwa iNhlonhlo iBalkan “iyisifunda saseYurophu esineziyaluyalu.” I-Jugoslavien—Ett land i upplösning ithi: “Sibhekene nokuwohloka kwenhlangano lapho ukucindezela bekukhula khona isikhathi eside. Eqinisweni, lezizingxabano zase zikhona lapho kubunjwa uMbuso waseSerbia, iCroatia neSlovenia [okwakuyigama leYugoslavia] ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I.” Ukucabangela umlando kafushane kuzosisiza ukuba sibone ukuthi izingxabano zanamuhla zihlobene kanjani neMpi Yezwe I.

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi lapho kubulawa uFrancis Ferdinand ngo-1914, amazwe amaSlav aseNingizimu iSlovenia, iCroatia, neBosnia neHerzegovina ayeyizifundazwe zoMbuso Wase-Austria-Hungary. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iSerbia yayiwumbuso ozimele kusukela ngo-1878, isekelwa ngokunamandla iRussia. Nokho, abantu abaningi baseSerbia babehlala ezifundazweni ezazibuswa i-Austria-Hungary, ngakho-ke iSerbia yafuna ukuba i-Austria-Hungary iyeke ukubusa zonke izindawo eyayizibusa eNhlonhlweni iBalkan. Nakuba zazikhona izingxabano phakathi kweCroatia neSerbia, zazinesifiso esisodwa: ukuzikhulula kubabusi abanyanyekayo bakwamanye amazwe. Abashisekeli bobuzwe babecabanga ukuhlanganisa wonke amaSlav aseNingizimu abe umbuso owodwa. AbaseSerbia babeyithonya elinamandla kakhulu ekwakheni umbuso onjalo ozimele.

Ngalesosikhathi umbusi owayephethe uFrancis Joseph, wayeneminyaka engu-84 ubudala. Ngokushesha iNkosana uFrancis Ferdinand wayezoba umbusi omusha. Abashisekeli bobuzwe baseSerbia babona ukuthi uFrancis Ferdinand uyisithiyo ekufezekeni kwephupho labo lokwakha umbuso wamaSlav aseNingizimu.

Abanye abafundi abasebasha baseSerbia babebuswa umqondo wombuso okhululekile wamaSlav aseNingizimu futhi babezimisele ukufela inkambo yabo. Intsha eningana yaqokelwa ukubulala iNkosana. Yanikezwa izikhali futhi yaqeqeshwa iqembu lomshoshaphansi labashisekeli bobuzwe baseSerbia elibizwa ngokuthi i-Black Hand. Ababili kulentsha bazama ukuyibulala, futhi kwaphumelela oyedwa kubona. Igama lakhe kwakunguGavrilo Princip. Wayeneminyaka engu-19 ubudala.

Lokhu kubulala kwafeza injongo eyayihloswe abashoshozeli. Lapho impi yezwe yokuqala isiphelile, base bugumbuqelwe ubukhosi base-Austria-Hungary, futhi iSerbia yayingahola ekuhlanganiseni amaSlav ukuze akhe umbuso. Ngo-1918 lowombuso wabizwa ngokuthi uMbuso wabaseSerbia, abaseCroatia, nabaseSlovenia. Leligama lashintshwa laba iYugoslavia ngo-1929. Nokho, lapho kungasadingeki ukuba lamaqembu ahlukene abumbane njengesitha se-Austria-Hungary, kwaba sobala ukuthi kwawona ayengaboni ngaso linye. Kunamaqembu abantu ahlukene angaba ngu-20, izilimi ezine ezingokomthetho neziningana ezincane, izinhlobo ezimbili zokubhalwa kwezinhlamvu zolimi (ezesiRoma nezikaCyril), nezinkolo ezintathu ezinkulu—ubuKatolika, ubuSulumane, nobu-Orthodox baseSerbia. Inkolo iseyisici esikhulu esihlukanisayo. Ngamanye amazwi, loHulumeni omusha wawusunesikhathi eside unezici eziningi ezihlukanisayo.

IYugoslavia NeMpi Yezwe II

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, iJalimane yahlasela iYugoslavia, futhi, ngokwencwadi ethi The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican, “abantu abangaphezu kuka-200 000, ikakhulukazi abobu-Orthodox baseSerbia, babulawa ngamasu” abantu baseCroatia abangamaKatolika ababesebenzelana namaNazi. Nokho, uJosip Tito waseCroatia, nabalandeli bobuKhomanisi ayenabo futhi ebambisene nabaseBrithani namaMelika, wakwazi ukuxosha amaJalimane. Lapho lempi isiphelile, waba umbusi ovelele walelizwe futhi wabe eselibusa ngesandla esiqinile. Wayeyindoda ezimele. Ngisho noStalin imbala wahluleka ukumphoqelela ukuba ahlanganise iYugoslavia namanye amazwe obuKhomanisi.

Abantu abaningi basezweni elaliyiYugoslavia baye bathi: ‘Uma kwakungengenxa kaTito, lenhlangano yayizohlukana ngokushesha. Uyena kuphela owayezimisele futhi enegunya elidingekayo ukuze ayihlanganise.’ Lokhu kuye kwabonakala kuyiqiniso. Kwakungemva kokufa kukaTito ngo-1980 lapho kwaphinde kwaqubuka izingxabano, ezashuba kwaze kwagqashuka impi yombango ngo-1991.

Izinhlamvu Ezashintsha Umhlaba

Encwadini yakhe ethi Thunder at Twilight—Vienna 1913/1914, umlobi uFrederic Morton wabhala ngokubulawa kukaFrancis Ferdinand: “Inhlamvu eyamjuqa entanyeni yabangela ukubulala okunyantisa kunakho konke isintu esake sakubona kuze kube yilesosikhathi. Yabangela isiyaluyalu esaholela eMpini Yezwe II. . . . Imicu eminingi yesimo esisizungezile yaqala ukuphothwa ngaseDanube esikhathini esingangonyaka nengxenye esandulela ukudutshulwa ekhanda kweNkosana.”—Omalukeke sizenzele.

Izenzakalo zamuva ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia aziyona nje “imicu yesimo esisizungezile” eyasukela emuva ngo-1914. Isazimlando u-Edmond Taylor sisho okuthile izazimlando eziningi ezivumelana ngakho: “Ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe I kwaletha ‘iSikhathi Sezinkathazo’ zekhulu lamashumi amabili . . . Ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile zonke iziphithiphithi zengxenye yokugcina yalelikhulu leminyaka zisuka emuva ku-1914.”

Kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokuchaza imbangela yokuba ukuqhuma kwezibhamu eSarajevo kube nemiphumela esabeka kangaka. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi izinhlamvu zesibhamu ezimbili “zomfana wesikole” ziphembe impi emhlabeni wonke futhi zilethe inkathi yobudlova, ukudideka, nokusanguluka osekuqhubeke kwaze kwaba sosukwini lwethu?

Imizamo Yokuchaza U-1914

Encwadini yakhe ethi Thunder at Twilight—Vienna 1913/1914, umlobi uzama ukuchaza lokho okwenzeka ngokubhekisela kulokho akubiza ngokuthi “amandla amasha” athonya izizwe ngo-1914. Uthi “lamandla” kwakuyizici eziningana ezazisebenza ndawonye. Imibono embalwa enengqondo eyavezwa yasitshekelwa ukukhalela impi okwakwanda kancane kancane. Ukuviva kwelinye izwe kwathuthukisa ukuviva kwawo wonke amanye. Igunya lasuswa esigabeni esibusayo ladluliselwa kojenene. Futhi abantu abaningi babheka impi njengethuba elihle “lomkhankaso omkhulu wesizwe” futhi ngaleyondlela bake bashiye isithukuthezi sokuphila kwansuku zonke. Kamuva, isikhulu esithile sabhala: “Njengabantu abalangazelela ukukhululwa ukuduma kwezulu esifudumezini sasehlobo, isizukulwane sika-1914 sasikholelwa ekukhululekeni okwakungase kulethwe impi.” Umlobi waseJalimane uHermann Hesse wathi kwakuyozuzisa abantu abaningi ukugqashula “ekuphileni okuyisicefe komphakathi ozibusayo.” Umlobi waseJalimane owazuza umklomelo kaNobel uThomas Mann kuthiwa wathi impi “iwukuhlanzwa, inkululeko, ithemba elikhulu.” Ngisho noWinston Churchill, ejatshuliswe umcabango wempi, wabhala: “Amalungiselelo empi angijabulisa ngendlela eshaqisayo. Ngithandaza kuNkulunkulu ukuba angithethelele ngenxa yalemizwa esabekayo yokungalawuleki.”

Ngenxa “yalamandla amasha” kwaba nokwesasa kulo lonke elaseYurophu njengoba amasosha ayemasha eya empini. Kwaboshelwa amahlamvu aluhlaza ezigqokweni zawo, kwalengiswa izimbali kombayimbayi, kwadlalwa ama-orchestra, abesifazane baphephezelisa amaduku bevele ngamafasitela, nabantwana abajabulile babegijima eduze kwamasosha. Kwakusengathi abantu babegubha futhi bejabulela ukufika kwempi. Impi yezwe yafika njengomkhosi wenjabulo.

Lokhu kuwukubukeza lokho uMorton, ocashunwe ekuqaleni, akubiza ngokuthi “amandla amasha” okucatshangwa ukuthi angasisiza siqonde imbangela yempi yezwe yokuqala. Kodwa “lamandla” ayevelaphi? Isazimlando uBarbara Tuchman sabhala ukuthi umphakathi wezimboni wanikeza isintu amandla amasha nokucindezela okusha. Eqinisweni, “umphakathi . . . wawugcwele . . . izingxabano ezintsha namandla owawuziqongelelele wona.” UStefan Zweig, ngalesosikhathi owayeyinjulabuchopho eseyintsha yaseVienna, wabhala: “Angikwazi ukukuchaza ngenye indlela ngaphandle kokubhekisela kulamandla engeziwe, umphumela oyinhlekelele wamandla angaphakathi ayeqongelelwe eminyakeni engamashumi amane yokuthula ayesefuna ukukhululwa ngobudlova.” Amazwi athi “angikwazi ukukuchaza ngenye indlela” asikisela ukuthi yena ngokwakhe ukuthola kunzima ukuchaza. Esandulelweni sencwadi yakhe ethi Thunder at Twilight, uMorton uyabhala: “Kungani lokho kwenzeka ngalesosikhathi kuleyondawo nje? Kwenzeka kanjani? . . . Ikhona yini indlela yokuchaza lendida?”

Yebo, abaningi abazama ukuchaza u-1914 banomuzwa wokuthi izizathu zangempela akulula neze ukuziqonda. Kungani lempi ingazange igcine kulawomaqembu ayehileleke ngokuqondile? Kungani yadlondlobalela ekubeni impi yezwe? Kungani yayithe chithi saka futhi icekela phansi kangaka? Yimaphi ngempela lamandla axhakathisa isintu ekwindla ka-1914? Isihloko sethu esilandelayo ekhasini 10, sizodingida impendulo yeBhayibheli yalemibuzo.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 6]

“Njengabantu abalangazelela ukukhululwa ukuduma kwezulu esifudumezini sasehlobo, isizukulwane sika-1914 sasikholelwa ekukhululekeni okwakungase kulethwe impi.”—Ernest U. Cormons, usomaqhinga wase-Austria

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 8, 9]

1914 IBhayibheli laprofetha ngezenzakalo eziyinhlekelele eziye zenzeka kusukela ngo-1914

“Kwase kuphuma elinye ihashi elibomvu, nohlezi phezu kwalo waphiwa ukususa ukuthula emhlabeni, ukuze babulalane, wanikwa nenkemba enkulu. Kuthé selivula uphawu lwesithathu, ngezwa isidalwa sesithathu sithi: Woza! Ngase ngibona, bheka, nanto ihashi elimnyama nohlezi phezu kwalo ephethe isilinganiso ngesandla sakhe. Ngase ngizwa kungathi izwi phakathi kwezidalwa ezine lithi: Imbenge kakolweni ngodenariyu nezimbenge ezintathu zebhali ngodenariyu; kepha amafutha newayini ungakoni. Nalapho livula uphawu lwesine, ngezwa izwi lesidalwa sesine sithi: Woza! Ngase ngibona, bheka, nanto ihashi elimpofu nohlezi phezu kwalo, igama lakhe lalingukuFa, neHayidese lalandelana naye; base benikwa amandla phezu kokwesine komhlaba ukuba babulale ngenkemba, nangendlala, nangokufa, nangezilwane zomhlaba.”

IsAmbulo 6:4-8 (Bheka noLuka 21:10-24; 2 Thimothewu 3:1-5.)

“IMpi Enkulu ka-1914-18 injengomdweshu womhlaba owenziwe incithakalo ohlukanisa lesosikhathi nesethu. Ngokubhubhisa abantu abaningi kangaka ababeyosebenza eminyakeni eyalandela, ngokubhubhisa izinkolelo, ngokushintsha imibono, nangokushiya amanxeba angelapheki okuphelelwa ithemba, yabangela igebe elingokomzimba nelingokwengqondo phakathi kwezinkathi ezimbili.”

—Isandulelo sencwadi ethi The Proud Tower, kaBarbara W. Tuchman.

“Iminyaka emine eyalandela [ngemva kuka-1914], njengoba uGraham Wallas abhala, ‘yayiyiminyaka emine yomzamo wobuqhawe omkhulu kunayo yonke eyake yenziwa uhlanga lwesintu.’ Lapho lomzamo usuphelile, ukukhohliswa nenjabulo okwakukhona kwaze kwaba ngo-1914 kwaqala ukwembozwa ulwandle olukhulu lokuphelelwa ithemba. Umvuzo owatholwa isintu ngesakukhokha kwaba ukukuqaphela kabuhlungu ukulinganiselwa kwaso.”—Amazwi okuphetha kulencwadi.

[Umthombo]

The Bettmann Archive

The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London

National Archives of Canada, P.A. 40 136

[Ibalazwe ekhasini 7]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Ukubukeka KweYurophu—Ngo-August 1914

1. IGreat Britain ne-Ireland 2. IFrance 3. ISpain 4. IGerman Empire 5. ISwitzerland 6. I-Italy 7. IRussia 8. I-Austria-Hungary 9. IRomania 10. IBulgaria 11. ISerbia 12. IMontenegro 13. I-Albania 14. IGreece

[Isithombe ekhasini 5]

UGavrilo Princip

[Isithombe ekhasini 6]

AmaJalimane amukela izimbali ngenkathi elibangise empini

[Umthombo]

The Bettmann Archive

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 3]

Culver Pictures