Ingabe Izwe Lingaba Nobunye?

‘Ngokuvamile, amazwi athi zonda umakhelwane wakho abonakala eyisiqubulo sika-1992.’

LOKHO kwakuwukulinganisela okwakhishwa yi-Newsweek. Lomagazini wanezela: “Lokhu kuhlukana—phakathi kukamakhelwane nomakhelwane, uhlanga nohlanga, isizwe nesizwe—kungokuthile ebesilokhu sithambekele kukho, futhi izenzakalo zalonyaka ziphakamisa ukungabaza ngokuthi siyathuthuka yini ekuvaleni lamagebe.”

Muva nje, ukuhlasela okuphikelelayo, ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngesihluku, nokudlwengula ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia kuye kwaphuma ezihlokweni eziphambili zamaphephandaba emhlabeni jikelele. EBosnia naseHerzegovina kuphela, kuye kwabulawa noma kwalahleka abangalinganiselwa ku-150 000. Futhi abangaba ngu-1 500 000 baye baxoshwa emakhaya abo. Ingabe uthi lezizenzakalo ezihlasimulisayo azisoze zenzeka endaweni yakini?

Isikhulu se-UN uJosé-María Mendiluce saxwayisa: “Kalula nje abantu bangaguqulwa benziwe imishini yokuzonda nokubulala. . . . ENtshonalanga kunesimo sengqondo sokuthi impi idlange endaweni eqhele ngamahora amathathu ukusuka eVenice ngoba nje ngokuyisisekelo abantu abangamaBalkan bahlukile kwabanye abantu baseYurophu. Lelo iphutha eliyingozi kakhulu.”

Lapho iSoviet Union ipheliswa ngo-1991, ngokushesha kwalandela udlame lobuhlanga. Kwabulawa abangaba ngu-1 500, futhi abangaba ngu-80 000 babaleka ezweni elaliyi-republic yaseSoviet iGeorgia. Kwafa amakhulu, futhi izinkulungwane zabaleka ngenxa yempi eMoldova. Kuye kwafa abanye futhi ezingxabanweni phakathi kwe-Armenia ne-Azerbaijan, kanye nakwamanye amazwe ayengama-republic eSoviet.

Izwe elaliyi-republic yaseSoviet enkulu kunawo wonke yiRussia. Ngisho nalapho amaqembu amaningi ezinhlanga afuna ukumisa imibuso yawo siqu ezimele. Ngakho, i-European yabika kulelihlobo: “I-Russian Federation ibhekene nokuwohloka.” Leliphephandaba lathi: “Emasontweni ambalwa adlule, izifundazwe ezintathu ziye zenza ukhetho lokuzibiza ngokuthi zingama-republic . . . Ngalelisonto elidlule ezinye ezintathu ziphawule ukuthi zizothatha isinyathelo esifanayo.”

Uma kumiswa amazwe ahlukene, ungase ubhekane nobunzima bokubiza amagama angajwayelekile, njengathi Kaliningrad, Tatarstan, Stavropolye, Chechnya, Vologda, Sverdlovsk, Bashkortostan, Yakutiya, nelithi Primorye. Ingabe lokhu akuzwakali kufana nokwenzeke ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia, lapho kuye kwamiswa khona iSerbia, iCroatia, neSlovenia futhi lapho kungase kumiswe khona amanye amazwe?

Unobhala wombuso wase-U.S. uWarren Christopher wakhuluma ‘ngokuqubuka kwezingxabano zobuhlanga, ezingokwenkolo nezamaqembu esezinesikhathi eside zicindezelwe’ wayesebuza: “Uma singayitholi indlela ethile yokuba lamaqembu ahlukene ezinhlanga ahlalisane ndawonye ezweni elilodwa, siyoba namazwe amangaki?” Wathi kwakuyokuba nezinkulungwane.

Ukuhlukana Yonke Indawo

Ucabanga ukuthi zingaki izingxabano zobuhlanga, ezingokwenkolo, nezamaqembu ebeziqhubeka ekuqaleni kwalonyaka? Ubungathi zine, zingu-7, 9, 13, mhlawumbe zingu-15? Ngo-February, i-New York Times yabala ingqikithi yezingu-48! Ithelevishini ingase ingakuvezeli izithombe zezidumbu ezigcwele igazi nezingane ezikhungethwe ukwesaba ezivela kuzo zonke lezizenzakalo ezingu-48, kodwa ingabe lokho kwenza lolusizi lungabi ngokoqobo ezisulwini?

Cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba ayikho indawo lapho ukulwa kubonakala kuyinto engenakwenzeka khona. ENigeria, lapho kuhlala khona amaqembu ezinhlanga angaba ngu-200, kunosongo lwempi yombango. “Ingxabano enjalo,” kubika umagazini i-Time, “ingase yenze amaqembu amathathu ezinhlanga amakhulu kakhulu—amaHausa, ama-Ibo namaYoruba—avukelane.” Wanezela: “Ngokubona kwabanye abahlaziyi, iNigeria isonqenqemeni lokufana neYugoslavia.”

Izwe laseNtshonalanga Afrika iLiberia nalo belikhungethwe udlame lobuhlanga. Omunye umholi wabashokobezi wathola ukusekelwa yizizwe zamaGio namaMano ukuze aketule umongameli, owayengowohlanga lwamaKrahn. Kwabulawa abangaphezu kuka-20 000 empini yombango eyalandela, futhi amakhulu ezinkulungwane abaleka.

ENingizimu Afrika, abamhlophe nabansundu balwela ukulawula kwezombangazwe. Kodwa akulwi nje onsundu nomhlophe. Ngonyaka odlule kuphela, kwabulawa abangaba ngu-3 000 empini phakathi kwamaqembu abansundu avukelanayo.

ESomalia kwafa abangaba ngu-300 000 futhi abayisigidi basala bengenamakhaya lapho ukulwa kwamaqembu kuphenduka impi yombango. EBurundi naseRwanda, izingxabano zobuhlanga phakathi kwamaHutu namaTutsi ziye zaholela ekufeni kwezinkulungwane eminyakeni yamuva nje.

Ukulwa kubonakala kungadambi phakathi kwamaJuda nama-Arabhu e-Israel, phakathi kwamaHindu namaSulumane eNdiya, naphakathi kwamaProthestani namaKatolika e-Ireland. Ngonyaka odlule kwaqubuka udlame lobuhlanga naseLos Angeles, eCalifornia, lubulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-40. Nomaphi lapho abantu bezinhlanga, izizwe, noma izinkolo ezihlukene behlala khona ndawonye, ngokuvamile kuvela izingxabano ezinonya.

Ingabe abantu bangayixazulula lenkinga yezingxabano zamaqembu?

Imizamo Yabantu Ebumbene

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela lokho okwenzeka emizamweni yezwe elaliyiYugoslavia nelaliyiSoviet Union. Ngo-1929, iYugoslavia yamiswa ngomzamo wokuhlanganisela ezweni elilodwa amaqembu ahlukahlukene ezinhlanga ezazihlala eningizimu-mpumalanga Yurophu. Ngokufanayo neSoviet Union yamiswa ngokuhlanganisela ndawonye abantu abanhlobonhlobo bezizinda ezihlukahlukene zobuhlanga, zenkolo, nezobuzwe. Emashumini amaningi eminyaka womabili lamazwe ayenohulumeni abayinhloko abanamandla ababewahlanganisile, futhi ekugcineni kwabonakala sengathi izakhamuzi zabo zase zifundé ukuhlala ndawonye.

“Isimo sezinhlanga saseBosnia nesaseYugoslavia ngaphambi kwempi, sasinjengesikhumba sengwe enamabala amnyama,” kuchaza isakhamuzi saseSerbia esivelele. “Abantu babehlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa.” Eqinisweni, imishado engamaphesenti angaba ngu-15 eYugoslavia yayiphakathi kwabantu bamaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukene. Kwase kwakhiwe isimo esifanayo salokho obekubonakala njengobunye ngokuhlangana kwezinhlanga eSoviet Union.

Ngakho, kwakushaqisa kakhulu lapho, ngemva kwamashumi amaningi eminyaka yokuthula okusobala, kuqubuka udlame. Namuhla, njengoba kwabhala enye intatheli, abantu manje “bakha isimo salokho okwakuyiYugoslavia ngohlanga, inkolo nobuzwe.” Kungani lamazwe ahlukana lapho kuwa labohulumeni abanamandla?

Izici Eziyimbangela

Ngokwemvelo abantu ababazondi abantu bolunye uhlanga. Njengoba kwake kwasho ingoma ethile ethandwayo, kudingeka ukuba ‘ufundiswe ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuba kwephuze kakhulu, ngaphambi kokuba ube neminyaka eyisithupha noma eyisikhombisa noma eyisishiyagalombili, ukuzonda bonke abantu abazondwa yizihlobo zakho.’ Lengoma yayibhekisela embhangqwaneni osemusha owawunezici zobuhlanga ezihluke ngokusobala. Nokho, ngokukachwepheshe wezempilo engokwengqondo uZarka Kovac, abantu bezwe elaliyiYugoslavia “abahlukile ngempela ngokomzimba.” Nokho, udlame lungaphezu kokuqonda. “Uyamcwiya umuntu ombulele ukuze ungakwazi ukubona umfowenu,” kusho uKovac.

Ngokusobala, inzondo enjalo yobuzwe nobuhlanga ayisona isici semvelo yabantu. Abantu baye bafundiswa ngokucophelela abasakazi benkulumo-ze nezihlobo ezilandisa ngezenzo zonya zangesikhathi esidlule. Kungabangelwa ubani konke lokhu? Ezama ukuqonda ukusabeka kwempi, usomabhizinisi othile waseSarajevo washukumiseleka ukuba aphethe ngokuthi: “Ngemva konyaka wempi yaseBosnia ngikholelwa ukuthi uSathane uqondisa izinto. Lokhu ukusangana kwangempela.”

Nakuba abaningi bengakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaSathane uDeveli, iBhayibheli liyakuveza ukuba khona komuntu ongabonakali, onamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo onethonya eliphambene kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwesintu. (Mathewu 4:1-11; Johane 12:31) Lapho ucabanga ngakho—ngalo lonke lolubandlululo, inzondo, nodlame olungenangqondo—mhlawumbe ungavuma ukuthi iBhayibheli aliphambuki nakancane lapho lithi: ‘Lowo okuthiwa uMhlebi noSathane udukisa izwe lonke.’—IsAmbulo 12:9; 1 Johane 5:19.

Inhlansi Yethemba

Lapho sicabangela izinxushunxushu zezwe zamuva nje, iphupho lesintu esinobunye libonakala likude kunanini. Imibango yobuzwe nobuhlanga isongela ukuba khona komuntu kunanini ngaphambili. Nokho, phakathi nalobubumnyama bembulunga yonke, kunenhlansi yethemba ekhanya ngokugqamile. Phakathi nehlobo lika-1993, iqembu labantu abavela ezinhlangeni ezilwayo labonakalisa isibopho esisodwa esiye salivumela ukuba lidlulele ngalé kombango wobuhlanga futhi lisebenze ndawonye ngothando nangobunye.

Okumangalisayo ukuthi lesisibopho siye sabonakala siyiso kanye isici ngokuvamile esiye sahlukanisa isintu—inkolo. Umagazini i-Time wabika: “Uma uxebula noma ikuphi ukubandlulula kobuhlanga, noma kobuzwe, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwabo uthola isisekelo esingokwenkolo . . . Inzondo engokwenkolo ithambekele ekubeni nonya futhi inganqandeki.” Ngendlela efanayo, i-India Today yathi: “Inkolo iye yaba ibhanela okuye kwabhebhethekiswa ngaphansi kwalo izenzo zobugebengu eziyisinyelela kakhulu. . . . Idala ubudlova obukhulu futhi ingamandla abhubhisa ngempela.”

Ngempela, ngokuvamile inkolo iyingxenye yalenkinga, hhayi ikhambi. Kodwa leliqembu lenkolo okukhulunywe ngalo ngenhla—iqembu elinamanani aphawulekayo—liye labonisa ukuthi inkolo ingahlanganisa, hhayi ukuhlukanisa. Obani ngempela abakha leliqembu? Futhi kungani beye bajabulela impumelelo ebabazekayo kuyilapho abanye beye bahluleka? Ukuze uthole impendulo sikumema ukuba ufunde izihloko ezilandelayo. Ukwenza kanjalo kungase kukunikeze umbono omusha ngekusasa lesintu.

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 3]

Graveyard in Bosnia. Haley/Sipa Press