Izinkampani Zikagwayi Zisenkingeni
NGOKOMBIKO owavela kuyi-New York Times ka-July 26, 1995, “uMnyango Wezobulungisa uye wabiza amajaji eNew York ukuba ahlole ukuthi izinkampani zikagwayi azizange yini zikhohlise abaphathi bakaHulumeni ngokuqukethwe ugwayi nemiphumela yawo emibi. Ngokunokwenzeka lomnyango uzobiza iqembu lesibili ukuze lihlole ukuthi abaphathi bezinkampani abazange yini baqambe amanga kulesi Sishaya-mthetho ngemikhiqizo kagwayi.”
Siyini isisekelo salokhu? Lombiko wasicacisa. Ngo-April 1994, abaphathi abavelele bezinkampani zikagwayi ezingu-7 eziphambili e-United States bafunga phambi kwekomiti yeSishaya-mthetho ukuthi “babengacabangi ukuthi i-nicotine iyalutha, ukuthi ugwayi ubangela izifo noma ukuthi izinkampani zabo zazisebenzisa ngobuqili amazinga e-nicotine emikhiqizweni kagwayi.”
Ngemva kwalokho kwaphela amaqhinga—ukuzisholo kwabo ukuthi bamsulwa kwaphela—lapho ngo-June 1995, kutholakala izincwadi ezingu-2000 ezazibamangalela. Lezi zincwadi zibonisa ukuthi abacwaningi bakagwayi babechithe iminyaka engu-15 behlola imiphumela “yezithako” ze-nicotine emzimbeni, ebuchosheni, nasekuziphatheni kwabantu ababhemayo. UDkt. Victor DeNoble, owayengusosayensi ocwaningayo kwenye yalezi zinkampani, uchaza okuyisihluthulelo okwatholwa yilokhu kucwaninga: “Lenkampani yaqala ukuqaphela ukuthi ingehlisa itiyela, yenyuse i-nicotine, kodwa ugwayi uqhubeke wamukeleka kumuntu obhemayo. Ngemva kwawo wonke umsebenzi wabo, baqaphela ukuthi i-nicotine yayingadambisi nje noma ishukumise imizwa, kodwa ngokuyinhloko yayithinta ubuchopho, nokuthi abantu babebhema ngenxa yemiphumela eba sebuchosheni.”
Ngokwe-New York Times, ukuhlola kwezinkampani kwabonisa ukuthi “kungakhathaliseki ukuthi nhloboni kagwayi abantu abayibhemayo, babevame ukuthola izinga le-nicotine abayidingayo ngokudonsa ugwayi kakhulu, ngokumumatha intuthu isikhathi eside, noma ngokubhema ugwayi owengeziwe.” Abacwaningi bezinkampani bazama ukwenza ugwayi onetiyela elincane ne-nicotine eyanele ukuze wanelise umuntu obhemayo.
Lezi zincwadi zembula nokuthi inkampani kagwayi yayibonisa isithakazelo esijulile emakhasimendeni ayo. Yayihlola abafundi basekolishi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15. Abantu bakwelinye idolobhana lase-Iowa, kuhlanganise nabanye ababhemayo abaneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, babuzwa ngemikhuba yabo yokubhema.
Ukutholakala kwalezi zincwadi zokucwaninga kubhekwa njengenzuzo esigungwini sabameli esimangalele amafemu kagwayi angu-7. Sithi izinkampani zikagwayi zafihla ulwazi ngezici eziluthayo ze-nicotine futhi zasebenzisa ngobuqili amazinga e-nicotine ukuze zikhuthaze ukulutheka. Omunye ummeli wathi alikho iqembu lamajaji emhlabeni elingakholelwa ukuthi lezi zinkampani zazenza lokhu kucwaninga njengomsebenzi wokuzilibazisa.
Njengoba lenkinga ishuba emazweni asethuthukile, ibhebhethekela emazweni asathuthuka. Eminyakeni engu-40 edlule, cishe abekho abesifazane ababebhema futhi babengamaphesenti angu-20 kuphela abesilisa ababebhema eNingizimu, noma emazweni asathuthuka. Kodwa namuhla, amaphesenti angu-8 abo bonke abesifazane namaphesenti angu-50 abo bonke abesilisa ayabhema emazweni asathuthuka—futhi lelo nani liyanda. Abacwaningi bathi: “Inkinga kagwayi ibhebhethekela eNingizimu.”
Umlobeli We-Phaphama! Ubika Ngalesi Simo
Umlobeli wethu ozinze eBrazil ukhuluma ngalesi simo esiseNingizimu. Ukucwaninga emazweni anezimboni kubonisa ingozi ebulala ngempela umuntu obhemayo abhekene nayo. Ugwayi unemiphumela yawo. “Amazwe aye akuqaphela ukubaluleka kokwazisa umphakathi aseqala ukubona ukwehla kokubhenywa kukagwayi,” kubika i-World Health Organization (WHO). “ENyakatho,” kunezela i-Panos, inhlangano yokwaziswa ezinze eLondon, “umphakathi awusakwamukeli ukubhema emakhaya amaningi, ezindaweni zomphakathi nasemsebenzini,” futhi abantu abaningi sebeyaqaphela ukuthi “ukubhema kungababulala.” “Imboni kagwayi idlulela eNingizimu.”
Ngokuphambene, eNingizimu, ukuvula imakethe entsha kulula njengokuvula iphakethe likagwayi. Embonini kagwayi, izimo emazweni asathuthuka zinhle kakhulu. Emazweni asathuthuka amathathu kwamane akuvinjelwa ukukhangisa ugwayi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, umphakathi awuziqapheli kakhulu izingozi zokubhema. “Abantu abaziqapheli izingozi ngoba abatshelwa ngazo,” kuphawula i-Panos.
Ukuze zishoshozele abesifazane abasebasha—ezinye zezisulu zalemboni eziyinhloko—ukuba baqale ukubhema, izikhangiso “zibonisa ukubhema njengesenzo esihle kakhulu esijatshulelwa abesifazane abazibusayo.” Izikhangiso zikagwayi zithi azifane nalezo ezazisetshenziswa emazweni ezimboni eminyakeni eyingxenye yekhulu edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, izikhangiso zazisebenza. Omunye umthombo uthi ngokushesha owesifazane oyedwa kwabathathu “wayebhema ngentshiseko efana neyabesilisa.”
Namuhla, izimakethe ezinkulu ezihloselwe abesifazane abangaqaphile emazweni asathuthuka ziqinisekisa ukuthi ‘lempumelelo’ yokukhangisa yawo-1920 nawo-1930 isizophinde yenzeke. Ngakho-ke, okubi ukuthi abesifazane abasebasha abayizigidigidi emazweni ampofu njengamanje basengozini, njengoba esinye isazi sakubeka, yokuba “amantombazanyana amahle abhema esemancane.”
Izisulu Ezivelele
Nakuba abesifazane beyizisulu eziyinhloko zemboni kagwayi, intsha iyizisulu ezivelele. Izikhangiso zopopayi neziqubulo zikagwayi emathoyizini zingenisa inzuzo, ngokufanayo nokuxhaswa kwezemidlalo.
Umagazini i-Panoscope ubika ukuthi eChina, intsha “eningi ibhema ugwayi.” Amaphesenti angaba ngu-35 abaneminyaka engu-12 kuya kwengu-15 ubudala namaphesenti ayishumi abaneminyaka engu-9 kuya kwengu-12 ubudala ayabhema. I-Folha de S. Paulo yansuku zonke ibika ukuthi intsha engaba izigidi eziyishumi eBrazil iyabhema. Ingabe ayiziqapheli izingozi? “Ngiyazi ukuthi ukubhema ugwayi kuyingozi,” kusho uRafael, umfana waseBrazil oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala obhema iphakethe likagwayi nengxenye ngosuku, “kodwa kumnandi kakhulu.” Uyini umphumela walokhu kucabanga kokuyekelela? “Nsuku zonke,” kubika i-Panos, “okungenani enye intsha engu-4000 iqala ukubhema.”
Imboni kagwayi ithumela eNingizimu eminye imikhiqizo equkethe itiyela ne-nicotine eningi kunezinhlobo ezidayiswa eNyakatho. Isizathu sisobala. “Angixolisi nge-nicotine,” kusho esinye isikhulu semboni kagwayi eminyakeni ethile edlule. “Iyona ethuthukisa ibhizinisi. Iyona eyenza abantu baphinde babuye.” Iyasebenza. “Ngenxa yamazinga aphakeme e-nicotine,” kuqinisekisa incwadi yesiDashi ethi Roken Welbeschouwd (Ukubhema—Ukucabangela Zonke Izinto), “ukulutheka kwenzeka ngokushesha, futhi lokhu kuveza amathuba okwandisa ukubhema nokudayiswa kukagwayi ngokuwehlisa kancane kancane lawo mazinga.”
“Imboni kagwayi,” kuphetha i-Panos, “ibheka iNingizimu njengemakethe eyogcina lemboni isebenza.”
Ingabe Kufanele Ubheme Noma Ulonde Ukuphila Kwakho?
Uma uhlala ezweni elisathuthuka, yini oyoyenza? Amaqiniso asobala. Kuze kube ngo-1950, ukubulawa kwabantu izifo ezibangelwa ugwayi kwakukuncane, kodwa namuhla abantu abayisigidi eNingizimu babulawa izifo ezihlobene nogwayi unyaka ngamunye. Nokho, i-WHO ixwayisa ngokuthi phakathi neminyaka engu-30 inani laminyaka yonke lababulawa izifo ezihlobene nogwayi emazweni asathuthuka liyokwenyuka libe izigidi ezingu-7. Ngokuphambene nalokho izikhangiso zikagwayi ezikutshela kona, ugwayi uyabulala.
Ingabe uthi uyaziqaphela izingozi? Kulungile, kodwa uyokwenzani ngalolo lwazi? Ingabe uyofana nomuntu obhemayo owayefunde izinto eziyinqwaba ezimbi ngokubhema kangangokuthi wanquma ukuyeka ukufunda? Noma ingabe uyohlakanipha ukubone ukukhohlisa kwezikhangiso zikagwayi bese ukwenqaba ukubhema? Yiqiniso, inkinga kagwayi ibhebhethekela eNingizimu—kodwa akudingekile ukuba ikuhlasele!
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Ichina—Ihamba Phambili
UZhang Hanmin, isisebenzi saseChina esineminyaka engu-35 ubudala, ugoqa izandla zakhe abese okhela usikilidi. Uthi: “Eqinisweni, ngingaphila ngaphandle kwezinto eziningi, kodwa hhayi ugwayi.” Cishe kungashiwo okufanayo nangabanye abayizigidi ezingu-300 basezweni lakubo kaZhang. Kusukela ngawo-1980, eChina kuye “kwakhiqizwa, kwadayiswa, futhi kwabhenywa ngaphezu kwawo wonke amanye amazwe.” Onyakeni wamuva nje, “izigidi zezinkulungwane zikagwayi zadayiselwa abantu abangamaxhwele,” okwenza ukuba iChina ibe “yizwe elihamba phambili ngogwayi.”—Umagazini i-Panoscope.
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Ugwayi “Onesiqinisekiso”?
Nakuba abantu abayizigidi ezintathu bebulawa izifo ezihlobene nogwayi unyaka ngamunye, izikhangiso ziyaqhubeka zitshela abantu ababhemayo ukuthi umkhuba wabo uphephile. Ngokwesibonelo, esinye isikhangiso samuva nje kumagazini othile waseBrazil simemezele ukufika kukagwayi “onesiqinisekiso sasefektri.” Lesi sikhangiso siyaqinisekisa: “Imoto yakho inesiqinisekiso; i-TV yakho inesiqinisekiso; iwashi lakho linesiqinisekiso. Nogwayi wakho unaso.” Nokho, njengoba izikhangiso zibonisa futhi namaxhwele aguliswa ugwayi engafakaza, okuwukuphela kwesiqinisekiso ukuthi “ukubhema kuyingozi empilweni.”
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Izisulu eziyinhloko—abesifazane basemazweni asathuthuka
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WHO photo by L. Taylor
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Ingabe abaziqapheli izingozi?
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WHO