Ukubuka Okwezwe

“Ukuqothulwa Buthule”

Ngokwephephandaba laseBrithani i-Guardian Weekly, i-Oxfam, inhlangano ephambili esiza abaswelayo, icabanga ukuthi ukuhlupheka kwabampofu emhlabeni kukhulu kangangokuba kungabizwa ngokuthi “ukuqothulwa buthule.” Embikweni wokusungula umkhankaso weminyaka emihlanu wokusiza abampofu emhlabeni, i-Oxfam yathola ukuthi ingxenye yesihlanu yabantu emhlabeni ihlala emazweni angu-50 ampofu kunawo wonke. Isabelo sezomnotho somhlaba salawo mazwe siye sehla saba amaphesenti amabili kuphela. Liyanda negebe phakathi kwabanothile nabampofu kulamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iMexico iye yabhekana nokuwohloka okukhulu kwezomnotho nokwanda kobumpofu kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo liye landa ngokushesha kakhulu inani labantu abayizinjinga. Umkhulumeli othile wesifazane we-Oxfam uthi: “Kunomuzwa wokuthi abaholi bamazwe ne-UN baye . . . balahlekelwa indlela yabo. Sidinga umbono omusha ozosebenza enkulungwaneni yeminyaka entsha.”

Ilimaza Ngaphezu Kukagwayi

Lesi isiphetho esafinyelelwa ikomiti yasephalamende eNdiya ngokuqondene ne-bidi, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi ugwayi wabantu abampofu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abesilisa, abesifazane, nabantwana abangaphezu kwezigidi ezine bakhiqiza ama-bidi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-300 ngosuku, begoqa ugwayi ngamaqabunga e-tendu bese bewubopha ngentambo. Ngokwe-Times of India, umbiko wamuva nje ubonisa ukuthi i-bidi ingabangela umdlavuza ngokuphindwe kabili nengxenye kunogwayi, ingabangela i-silicosis nesifo sofuba, futhi iqukethe itiyela elingamaphesenti angu-47 ne-nicotine engamaphesenti angu-3,7 uma iqhathaniswa nogwayi ovamile waseNdiya onetiyela elingamaphesenti angu-36 ne-nicotine engamaphesenti angu-1,9. Akubona abantu ababhemayo kuphela abasengozini. Abantu abayizigidigidi abasonga ama-bidi bavame ukutholakala besebenza isikhathi eside ezimweni ezingahlanzekile, bephefumula imvuthu kagwayi ezindlini ezingenamoya ohlanzekile. Izisebenzi ezingabantwana zithinteka kakhulu.

Umphumela Wokufunda Komama

Sekuyisikhathi eside ochwepheshe bezempilo yomphakathi bekholelwa ukuthi abantwana basemazweni asathuthuka banethuba elihle lokuphila uma omama babo bekwazi ukufunda—kodwa abazange bakwazi ukuqokomisa ukufunda ngokwako njengesici esiwujuqu. Ngokukamagazini i-New Scientist, ukuhlola okwenziwa eNicaragua “kungokokuqala ngqá ukubonisa ukuthi ukufundisa abesifazane kunomphumela oqondile empilweni yabantwana babo.” Lokhu kuhlola kwahlola abesifazane abangafundile ababa nengxenye sebebadala ohlelweni olukhulu lokufundisa lwaseNicaragua phakathi kuka-1979 no-1985. Ekupheleni kwawo-1970, izinga lokufa kwabantwana bomama abangafundile lalingaba abantwana abangu-110 kubantwana abazalwayo abangu-1000. Ngo-1985, izinga lokufa kwabantwana bomama ababefunde ukuzifundela kulolu hlelo lehla laba abantwana abangu-84 kwabayinkulungwane. Futhi abantwana babo babondleke kangcono. Ochwepheshe abakaqiniseki ngokuthi kungani abantwana bomama abafundile bephila kangcono.

Ukushabalala Kwethemba

Idolobhana laseChesterfield Inlet eHudson Bay eZifundazweni ZaseNyakatho-ntshonalanga Canada liye lazanyazanyiswa ukwanda kwamacala okuxhashazwa kwezingane zesikole. Ngokukamagazini i-Maclean’s, umbiko ozimele okhululwe uhulumeni muva nje uthole izehlakalo zokuxhashazwa ngokobulili nangokomzimba kwezingane zabomdabu ezingama-Inuit enkathini yeminyaka engu-17 ngawo-1950 nangawo-1960 eSir Joseph Bernier Federal Day School nasesakhiweni sokuhlala esiseduze seSonto LamaKatolika. Amaphoyisa aqeda uphenyo lwezinyanga ezingu-21 lwamacala okuxhaphaza angu-236 abe esenquma ukungababeki icala abamangalelwa—kwezinye izimo ngenxa yokuphelelwa isikhathi kwalamacala; kwezinye izimo ngoba okuthiwa bangabashoshozeli sebekhulile noma sebafa nokufa; kwezinye izimo ngoba abanye ababengabafundi babengakwazi ukubaveza ngokuqinisekile abaxhaphazi. I-Maclean’s yaphawula: “Nakuba ngokusobala ukuhamba kwesikhathi kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ukujezisa okuthiwa bayizigilamkhuba, akuzange kubuqede ubuhlungu bezisulu.”

Ukuphila Komkhaya Kuyawohloka

Kunjani ukuphila komkhaya kulezi zinsuku? Ngokwe-Department of Public Information yeZizwe Ezihlangene, obaba emhlabeni wonke ngokwesilinganiso bachitha isikhathi esingaphansi kwehora ngosuku benabantwana babo—eHong Kong isilinganiso siyimizuzu eyisithupha kuphela. Abazali abangabodwa bayanda. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United Kingdom ingxenye yabo bonke abantwana abazalwa ngo-1990 yazalwa abesifazane abangashadile. Ubudlova basekhaya nabo buyanda. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kubantwana abahlala e-United States naseNtshonalanga Yurophu, amaphesenti amane abhekana nobudlova obungathi sína ekhaya unyaka ngamunye. Asebekhulile nabo banezinkinga. Umbiko we-UN uthi: “Ngisho nasemazweni okuthiwa ‘athuthukile’ e-European Union (EU), ingxenye yesihlanu yabantu asebekhulile idla imbuya ngothi, ngokuvamile ihlala yodwa emijondolweni yasemadolobheni ngaphandle kokondliwa imindeni yayo.”

Izingozi Zokuganiselana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Njengoba kunenkululeko yokuhamba usuka eMpumalanga Yurophu uye eNtshonalanga Yurophu kuye kwavela umphumela ongathandeki: ukuganiselana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Kusukela ngo-1991 abesifazane abalinganiselwa ku-15 000 baye basuka eMpumalanga Yurophu baya eNtshonalanga Yurophu njengomakoti aba-odwe ngeposi. Abesifazane abaningi badla imbuya ngothi futhi baphupha ngokuphila okungcono, ngakho basabela esikhangisweni senhlangano yokuganiselana. Ngokuvamile, leli phupho liphenduka elesabekayo lapho owesifazane egcina eseyedwa ezweni angalazi futhi ngaphansi komyeni ononya. Omunye umakoti wasePoland wabhaxabulwa kabi umyeni wakhe eJalimane kangangokuba wabalekela ehlathini futhi wacasha lapho izinsuku ezimbili emakhazeni ashubis’umnkantsha. Ngenxa yamakhaza, kwadingeka anqunywe unyawo lwangakwesobunxele nomlenze wangakwesokudla. Iphephandaba laseNgilandi i-Guardian Weekly laphawula: “Izinhlangano eziningi zokuganiselana ziphinde zisebenze njengezinhlangano zobufebe. Ziyenga abesifazane bakwamanye amazwe bese zibayisa ngenkani ezikhungweni zobufebe. Ngokuvamile abenqabayo bayabulawa.”

Ukuguliswa Ukuhamba

Ingabe uguliswa ukuhamba? Uma kunjalo, awuwedwa. I-International Herald Tribune ibika ukuthi abantu abangu-9 kwabayishumi bavame ukuguliswa ukuhamba ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Izinja, ikakhulukazi imidlwane, nazo zibhekana nokufanayo. Ngisho nezinhlanzi lapho zihanjiswa ngesikebhe olwandle olugubhayo zingaguliswa ukuhamba kulo! Liyini ikhambi? Abantu abaningi baphendukela emithini, abangayithenga emakhemisi amaningi. Nakhu okunye ukusikisela okungase kusize: Ungafundi lapho imoto ihamba. Hlala endaweni enganyakazi kakhulu—ngokwesibonelo, esihlalweni esingaphambili emotweni, noma ngasephikweni lendiza. Buka izinto ezikude, njengomkhathizwe. Uma ungafuni ukwenza lokho, cimeza.

Ukungcola Komoya Kuyanda EFrance

Naphezu kwemizamo ebumbene yokulwa nakho, ukungcoliswa komoya kuyanda futhi kuyisongela ngokungathi sína impilo yabantu abayizigidi abahlala eParis nakwamanye amadolobha aseFrance. Nakuba esikhathini esidlule imbangela eyinhloko kwakuyizimboni, namuhla izimoto zibangela ukungcola komoya okungamaphesenti angu-80 ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Inani lezimoto eFrance liye laphindeka kabili kusukela ngo-1970, lisuka ezigidini ezingu-12 liya kwezingu-24, kanti kuneziyizigidi ezingu-3,2 endaweni yaseParis kuphela. Iphephandaba laseParis i-Monde lithi ukuhlola kukahulumeni kwamuva nje kubonise ukuthi njengoba kwanda amagesi anobuthi endaweni yaseParis, kunokwanda okufanayo kwabantu abafayo nabalaliswa ezibhedlela ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemigudu yokuphefumula. Akukathathwa sinyathelo esinqala. Ngokusobala, izazi zezombangazwe zesaba ukuthi noma iziphi izinyathelo eziqinile ezingasebenza ngeke zibajabulise abavoti bazo abanezimoto.

Ukuphazamiseka Kokukhuluma Kubantwana

Abacwaningi base-University Clinic for Communication Disorders eMainz, eJalimane, baye bathola ukuthi umntwana oyedwa kwabane abangangena enkulisa unokuphazamiseka kokukhuluma. “Ngangingazikholelwa lezi zibalo,” kuvuma uProfesa Manfred Heinemann, umqondisi walomtholampilo. Izisebenzi zezokwelapha zahlola abantwana abaneminyaka emithathu nemine ubudala futhi zathola ukuthi abaphakathi kwamaphesenti angu-18 nangu-34 babenokuphazamiseka kokukhuluma. Isibalo sabafanayo ngo-1982 sasingamaphesenti amane kuphela. Kungani kunalokhu kwanda? “Imikhaya ibuka kakhulu i-TV futhi ingaxoxi,” kubika iphephandaba laseJalimane i-Der Steigerwald-Bote. Kubonakala sengathi ama-video, i-TV, nemidlalo yama-computer kuthatha indima yabazali emikhayeni eminingi. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi nakuba kunjalo abanye abantwana ababengakhulumi “babeshesha njengombani” lapho kuziwa emidlalweni yama-computer.