Kungani Kunokuntuleka Kwemisebenzi?
EMAZWENI amaningi abantu abaningi baphoqeleka ukuba bazondle ngokusebenza kanzima nangokuzikhandla amahora amaningi, mhlawumbe benza ngisho nomsebenzi oyingozi obaholela kancane. Kuze kube muva nje abaningi kwamanye amazwe bebeqiniseka ukuthi lapho beqashwe inkampani enkulu noma umnyango ongaphansi kukahulumeni, babeyoba nomsebenzi olondekile kuze kube yilapho bethatha umhlalaphansi. Kodwa namuhla kubonakala engekho amabhizinisi noma izinkampani ezikwazi ukunikeza umsebenzi omuhle nokulondeka nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ngani?
Izimbangela Zalenkinga
Izinkulungwane zentsha azikwazi ngisho nokuqala ukusebenza—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zineziqu zasekolishi noma cha. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Italy abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu abantula imisebenzi baphakathi kweminyaka engu-15 nengu-24 ubudala. Siyanda isilinganiso salabo abasebenzayo kakade abazama ukulondoloza imisebenzi yabo, ngakho kunzima kakhulu ukuba intsha ithole imisebenzi. Ngisho naphakathi kwabesifazane—abaqashwa kakhulu emisebenzini—kunezinga eliphakeme lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Ngakho, inani elishaqisayo lezisebenzi ezintsha selilwela ukuqashwa.
Kusukela esikhathini sokwenziwa kwemishini yokuqala yezimboni, ukusungulwa kwezinto zobuchwepheshe kuye kwanciphisa isidingo sezisebenzi. Njengoba kwakudingeka ukuba abantu basebenze kanzima isikhathi eside, izisebenzi zazinethemba lokuthi imishini yayiyonciphisa umsebenzi noma iwuqede ngisho nokuwuqeda. Imishini iye yandisa umkhiqizo futhi yaqeda izingozi eziningi, kodwa futhi iye yanciphisa nemisebenzi. Labo abangasebenzi basengozini yokuntula imisebenzi isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuba bafunde amakhono amasha.
Sisengozini yokuba nenala yemikhiqizo yezentengiselwano. Abanye banomuzwa wokuthi kakade sesifinyelele emvuthwandaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba bembalwa abasebenzayo, bambalwa abathengayo. Ngaleyo ndlela imakethe ikhiqiza okungaphezu kokungasetshenziswa. Njengoba zingasasetshenziswa kwezomnotho, izikhungo ezinkulu ezazakhelwe ukusingatha ukwanda kwemikhiqizo okwakulindelekile ziyavalwa noma zishintshwe. Izimo ezinjengalezi zinezisulu—labo abalahlekelwa imisebenzi. Lapho umnotho untenga, ukufuneka kwezisebenzi kuyancipha, futhi imisebenzi ephela phakathi nokuntenga kwezomnotho ayibuye ibe khona phakathi nezikhathi zokusimama kwezomnotho. Ngokusobala, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kunezimbangela eziningi.
Inhlupho Yomphakathi
Njengoba kungase kugadle kunoma ubani, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuyinhlupho yomphakathi. Amanye amazwe anezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela labo abasasebenza—ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenza isikhathi esincishisiwe ngesonto futhi uhola imali encishisiwe. Nokho, lokhu kungase kuqede amathemba abanye abafuna umsebenzi.
Kokubili abasebenzayo nabantula imisebenzi babhikisha ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezinkinga ezihlobene nemisebenzi. Kodwa nakuba abantula imisebenzi beyifuna, labo abasebenzayo bazama ukuvikela ukulondeka kwabo—izinjongo ezimbili ezingavumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi. Umagazini wase-Italy i-Panorama uthi: “Ngokuvamile labo abasebenzayo bacelwa ukuba basebenze amahora engeziwe. Labo abangasebenzi bahlala bengasebenzi. Kunengozi yokuthi umphakathi ungase uhlukane kabili . . . ngakolunye uhlangothi, abasebenza amahora engeziwe kanti ngakolunye, abantula imisebenzi abakhishwa inyumbazane, abathembele cishe ngokuphelele emseni wabanye.” Ochwepheshe bathi eYurophu imiphumela yokusimama kwezomnotho iye yajatshulelwa ngokuyinhloko yilabo abasebenzayo kakade, kunokuba ijatshulelwe abangasebenzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuhlobene nesimo sezomnotho sendawo, kangangokuthi kwamanye amazwe, njengaseJalimane, e-Italy, naseSpain, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezidingo zezindawo zakulamazwe. Ingabe izisebenzi zizimisele ukufunda amakhono amasha noma ngisho nokuthuthela kwenye indawo noma kwelinye izwe? Lokhu kungase kube isici esinqumayo.
Ingabe Akhona Amakhambi Aseduze?
Ngokwengxenye enkulu, amathemba abekwe ekusimameni kwezomnotho. Kodwa abanye abantu bayangabaza futhi bacabanga ukuthi ukusimama okunjalo ngeke kwenzeke kuze kube cishe ngonyaka ka-2000. Ngokwabanye, ukusimama sekuqalile kakade, kodwa kuthatha isikhathi ukuveza imiphumela, njengoba kubonakala ekwehleni kwemisebenzi e-Italy muva nje. Ukusimama kwezomnotho akusho ukuncipha kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Nakuba ukusimama kusesilinganisweni, amabhizinisi akhetha ukusebenzisa izisebenzi asenazo kakade kunokuqasha ezinye—okuwukuthi, kukhona “ukwanda kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibalo sabantula imisebenzi ngokuvamile sanda ngokushesha kunesibalo semisebenzi evulwayo.
Namuhla umnotho wamazwe ngamanye uxhunyaniswa nembulunga yonke. Ezinye izazi zezomnotho zicabanga ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zezohwebo ezintsha nezinkulu, ezihlanganiswa amazwe ngamazwe, njengalezo ze-North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) ne-Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), kungase nakho kuthuthukise ezomnotho zomhlaba. Nokho, lesi simo sibangela ukuba izinkampani ezinkulu zizinze lapho zikwazi khona ukuholela abantu imali encane, okuphumela ekutheni izizwe ezinezimboni ziphelelwe imisebenzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izisebenzi ezihola kancane zibona amaholo azo amancane encipha. Akumangalisi ukuthi emazweni amaningi, abaningi baye babhikisha, ngisho nangobudlova, ngokumelene nalezi zivumelwano zezohwebo.
Ochwepheshe basikisela izindlela eziningi zokulwa nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Ezinye ziyaphikisana ngisho nokuphikisana, kuye ngokuthi zisikiselwa izazi zezomnotho, izazi zezombangazwe, noma izisebenzi ngokwazo. Kunalabo abahlongoza ukukhuthaza izinkampani ukuba zandise izisebenzi ngokunciphisa umthwalo wentela. Abanye batusa ukuba uhulumeni ungenele kakhulu. Abanye basikisela ukwabiwa komsebenzi ngendlela ehlukile nokunciphisa amahora okusebenza. Lokhu sekwenziwe kakade kwezinye izinkampani ezinkulu, ngisho noma phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, isonto lokusebenza liye lancishiswa ngokuhleliwe kuwo wonke amazwe anezimboni ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi. “Ekugcineni,” kugomela isazi sezomnotho uRenato Brunetta, “inkambiso ngayinye ayisebenzi, iba nezindleko ezingaphezu kwezinzuzo.”
“Akufanele sizikhohlise,” kuphetha umagazini i-L’Espresso, “lenkinga inzima.” Ingabe kunzima kakhulu ukuyixazulula? Ingabe likhona ikhambi lalenkinga yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi?
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Inkinga Endala
Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuyinkinga endala. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka abantu ngezinye izikhathi bezithola bengasebenzi. Lapho umsebenzi sewuphelile, amashumi ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezazisebenza ezakhiweni ezinkulu ngaleso sikhathi zazintula imisebenzi—okungenani kuze kube yilapho seziqashwe kwenye indawo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi zaziphila ngokungalondekile.
ENkathini Ephakathi, “ngisho noma yayingakabi bikho inkinga yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngokomqondo wesimanje,” abantu abantula imisebenzi babekhona. (La disoccupazione nella storia [Ukuntuleka Kwemisebenzi Emlandweni]) Nokho, ngalezo zinsuku, ababengasebenzi babebhekwa njengabantu abangelutho noma imizulane. Kuze kube ngekhulu le-19, abahlaziyi abaningi baseBrithani “babehlanganisa abantu abantula imisebenzi ngokuyinhloko ‘namashinga’ nomalalepayipini ababehla benyuka emigwaqweni ebusuku,” kuchaza uProfesa John Burnett.—I-Idle Hands.
“Ukuqapheleka kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi” kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 noma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kwamiswa amakhomishani akhethekile kahulumeni ukuze ahlole futhi axazulule lenkinga, njenge-Select Committee ye-British House of Commons eyayihlola “Ukucindezeleka Okubangelwa Ukuntula Imisebenzi,” ngo-1895. Ukungasebenzi kwase kuyinhlupho yomphakathi.
Lokhu kuqapheleka okusha kwanda ngokuphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwempi yezwe yokuqala. Leyompi, nokukhiqiza kwayo izikhali eziningi, yacishe yakuqeda ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Kodwa kusukela ngawo-1920, amazwe aseNtshonalanga abhekana nokuntenga kwezomnotho okwafinyelela umvuthwandaba eKuwohlokeni Kwezomnotho Okukhulu okwaqala ngo-1929 futhi kwagadla kuzo zonke ezomnotho zezimboni emhlabeni. Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, amazwe amaningi asimama kabusha ngokwezomnotho futhi ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwancipha. Kodwa “ukuqala kwenkinga yanamuhla yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuhlehlela emuva phakathi nawo-1960,” kusho i-Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Izisebenzi zathola igalelo elisha ngenhlekelele kawoyela yangawo-1970 nokuqhibuka njengamakhowe kokusetshenziswa kwama-computer nokudilizwa okwaba umphumela. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kudlondlobala kakhulu, kuhlasela ngisho naleyo mikhakha yezisebenzi zasemahhovisi neyezokuphatha eyayibhekwa njengelondekile.
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Ukufuna ngenkani imisebenzi eyengeziwe ngeke kuyixazulule inkinga yokuntuleka kwayo
[Umthombo]
Reuters/Bettmann