Ukubuka Okwezwe

Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Akubikezeleki

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi ososayensi benomuzwa wokuthi kumelwe kwenzeke ukubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba. Babebuka ukushintsha kwamazinga okuphakama kwamanzi, ukugudluka kongqimba lomhlaba olungaphezulu, ukuphuma kwegesi i-radon emithonjeni yamanzi, nezinye izimpawu ezisobala. Isihloko esithile kuyi-New York Times siyaphawula: “Izazi eziningi eziphambili zokuzamazama komhlaba ezweni manje zicabanga ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba akunakubikezelwa ngokwemvelo. Zithi ukufuna izindlela zokuxwayisa abantu kusasele izinsuku, amahora noma imizuzu ngaphambi kokuzamazama komhlaba kubonakala kuyize. . . . Nakuba ukucwaninga kwamuva kubonisa ukuthi okunye ukuzamazama komhlaba kungase kuveze izimpawu ezandulelayo ezihlanganisa nokugudluka kongqimba lomhlaba olungaphezulu, lezo zimpawu zincane futhi azibonakali kangangokuthi kungase kungenzeki ukuzibona nganoma iyiphi indlela ewusizo.” Abanye abantu manje banxusa uhulumeni ukuba athathe izimali ekucwaningeni ngokuzamazama komhlaba azisebenzisele ukunciphisa izingozi eziba umphumela. Nokho, ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi kudingeka ulwazi olwengeziwe ngendlela inhlabathi egudluka ngayo nendlela izakhiwo ezisabela ngayo ekuzamazameni komhlaba.

Ukusinda Ekucwileni Emanzini Abandayo

Ososayensi abacwaninga ukuthi kungani abantu abawela emanzini aqandayo basheshe bafe baye bathola ukuthi ukusabela komzimba okungokwemvelo emakhazeni kuba ukuphakama kwezinga lokuphefumula. “Ukuhogela umoya ngokungazelele kulandelwa ukuxhelwa amanzi—kanye nokugwiliza,” kusho umagazini i-New Scientist. Ukuphakama kwezinga lokuphefumula akunakuvinjelwa. Ngakho ukusinda kuxhomeke ekugcineni ikhanda ngaphezu kwamanzi kuze kwehle izinga lokuhogela umoya omningi, ngokuvamile phakathi nemizuzu emibili noma emithathu.

Ezemidlalo Nokuphila Isikhathi Eside

AmaJalimane achitha imali elingana namaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-90 750 ngonyaka kwezemidlalo, noma amaRandi angaphezu kuka-1000 umuntu ngamunye. Lemali ikhokhela “amajezi, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, ukuqeqeshwa, ukuqasha izinkundla zemidlalo, nezimali zamaqembu,” kubika i-Nassauische Neue Presse. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu bazivivinya ezikhungweni zokuvivinya umzimba, futhi ezinye izigidigidi ziyagijima. Ingabe-ke abashisekeli bemidlalo bangaphila isikhathi eside kunabantu abahlala ekhaya? Cha. Incwadi ethi Physiologie des Menschen (Ukwakheka Komzimba Womuntu) ithi: “Ukuphetha ngokuthi ezemidlalo ziwukwelapha okungcono kunakho konke ngokuqinisekile kuyiphutha.” Ngani? Ngoba amaJalimane angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1,5 avakashela udokotela unyaka ngamunye ngenxa yamanxeba abangelwa ezemidlalo awathola lapho ezijabulisa ngezimpelasonto nangesikhathi samaholide. Lencwadi ixwayisa ngokuthi ukuzivivinya nezemidlalo kuyilungele impilo kuphela “uma intuthuko enhlalakahleni ingaphazanyiswa izingozi noma amanxeba ezemidlalo atholwa njalo.”

Asikho Isibopho Sokukhuluma Iqiniso

Ukuqulwa kwamacala asenkantolo e-United States muva nje kuye kwadonsa ukunakekela komphakathi womhlaba wonke futhi kwamangalisa izibukeli. “Nakuba abashushisi benesibopho sokuveza iqiniso, abameli basebenza ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele,” kusho i-New York Times. “Umsebenzi wommeli uwukukhulula ikhasimende lakhe, ukuxaka abahluleli (ngokufaka ukungabaza okunengqondo ngisho nasengqondweni yomahluleli oyedwa) noma ukulahlwa icala emacaleni amancane kuphela.” UStephen Gillers, uthisha wezimiso zomthetho esikoleni esithile sezomthetho saseNew York University uthi: “Abanaso isibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo esivunayo silungile. Sitshela abahluleli ukuthi icala liqulwa ngoba kufunwa iqiniso, kodwa asibatsheli ukuthi abameli banesibopho sokubakhohlisa.” Lapho “bebhekene namaqiniso alilahla ngokusobala ikhasimende, abameli kumelwe ngokuvamile bavuse izindaba eziphazamisa abahluleli ukuze bangawaboni lawo maqiniso futhi bavumelane ngokulikhulula,” kusho i-Times. Kwenzekani lapho abameli bazi ukuthi ikhasimende labo linecala kodwa liphikelele ngokufuna ukwethula icala phambi kwabahluleli? “Khona-ke abameli baya enkantolo njengo-Uriah Heep, benokuthobeka kobuzenzisi, futhi bazwakalise ukukukholelwa ngokujulile ukuthembeka kwamazwi ekhasimende labo kuyilapho bazi ukuthi angamanga aluhlaza cwé,” kusho uGillers.

Izindinganiso Ezintsha

Intsha yaseRussia kanye nomphakathi wakhona uwonke ubhekene nenhlekelele yezindinganiso. Ukuhlola kwamuva nje okwenziwe eSt. Petersburg, eRussia, kuthole ukuthi isimo sengqondo sentsha sigcizelela “izindinganiso ezivamile emphakathini—okuwukuthi, impilo, ukuphila, umkhaya, nothando kanye nezindinganiso zomuntu siqu, njengempumelelo, umsebenzi, ukunethezeka, nokulondeka ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo,” kubika iphephandaba laseRussia i-Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vyedomosti. Ezinye izindinganiso eziphawulekayo zigxile kubazali, imali, inhlalakahle, injabulo, ubungane, nolwazi. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukuba nedumela elihle nokujabulela inkululeko yomuntu siqu kuthatha izindawo ezimbili zokugcina ezingqondweni zentsha. Kuyini okusekugcineni? Ukuthembeka. Lombiko uyaphetha: “Uma ukuqamba amanga kuyinsakavukela kangaka, khona-ke [ukuthembeka] kuyize ezingqondweni zesizukulwane esisakhula.”

Ishumi Leminyaka Elingenazithelo

Amasonto aseBrithani amemezela ukuthi leli “iShumi Leminyaka Lokushumayela Ivangeli.” Manje, phakathi nalo, yini eye yafezwa? Umkhulumeli uMichael Green uthi kuyi-Church Times: “Asikaqali nokwenza ivangeli livumelane nemibuzo ephakanyiswa abantu abavamile. Angiluboni uphawu lokuthi amasonto aphumela ngaphandle nezindaba ezinhle emphakathini. . . . Asikayifinyeleli neze intsha yanamuhla engasonti, futhi lokho kuhlanganisa amaphesenti angaba ngu-86 ayo yonke intsha yasezweni lakithi.” Kungani kuntuleka impumelelo kangaka? “Sikholelwa ukuthi indlela yethu yokuphila izofeza umsebenzi ngaphandle kwezwi. Siyakwesaba ukucasula noma ubani,” kusho uGreen.

Ukuphanga Ngesibindi

ECanada, ibhange elilodwa kwangu-7 laphangwa amasela ngo-1994—ukuphangwa kwegatsha ngalinye kaningi kunakunoma iliphi elinye izwe. Nokho, e-Italy, lapho kwahlaselwa khona igatsha lebhange elilodwa kwangu-13, abaphangi babonakala benesibindi kakhulu kunakwezinye izindawo. Ambalwa amasela asebhange e-Italy ayezikhathaza ngokufihla ubuso noma ngisho nokusebenzisa izikhali. Amanye ayevele esabise abagcini mali basebhange futhi anikezwe imali. I-Economist ibika ukuthi abanye abaphangi baphendukela ngisho nasekulutheni ingqondo. Abaphangi bamabhange e-Italy bayaphikelela nokuphikelela: amagatsha amabhange angu-165 aphangwa kabili, angu-27 kathathu, futhi angu-9 aphangwa kane phakathi nonyaka. Singakanani isilinganiso semali eyathathwa ngokuphanga ngo-1994? Ama-lire ayizigidi ezingu-61 (R137 225), inani eliphansi kunawo wonke kusukela ngo-1987.

Izindaba Zengwenya

Imihlathi evubukulwe muva nje yengwenya yasendulo “kungenzeka ingeyelungu lokuqala elaziwayo elidla uhlaza” emkhayeni wezingwenya, kubika umagazini i-Nature. Kunokuba ibe namazinyo amade acijile engwenya yanamuhla, abantu abayisaba kangaka namuhla, lengwenya yasendulo yayinamazinyo ayisicaba okubikwa ukuthi ayenzelwe ukuhlafuna utshani. Kubonakala sengathi lesi sidalwa—esatholwa abacwaningi baseChina nabaseCanada eHupeh Province eChina egqumeni elingasosebeni lwaseningizimu loMfula iYangtze—sasihlala nasenhlabathini, singesona isilwane sasemanzini. Sasisikhulu kangakanani? Sasinobude obungaba imitha.

Ukucindezeleka Okukhulayo

I-Veja ibika ukuthi ukuhlola kwamuva nje eRio de Janeiro, eBrazil, kuthole ukuthi amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-35 abantu abafuna ukwelashwa ayehlushwa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuhlukahlukene. Lomagazini wabuza uDkt. Jorge Alberto Costa e Silva, umqondisi wempilo engokwengqondo we-World Health Organization (WHO): “Zingacaciswa kanjani lezi zibalo? Ingabe izwe liye laba libi kakhulu noma ingabe abantu baye baba buthaka ngokwengqondo?” Ephendula wathi: “Siphila esikhathini sezinguquko ezishesha ngokweqile, ezigcina zibangele ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka ngamazinga angakaze abonwe ngaphambili emlandweni wesintu.” Uthi omunye umthombo ovamile wokucindezeleka ukubhebhetheka kobudlova eRio de Janeiro. Lokhu kuvame ukubangela ukucindezeleka ngenxa yokushaqeka, lokho achaza ukuthi “kuthinta abantu lapho beye baba sesimweni esisongela ukuphila ngandlela-thile. Phakathi nosuku bazizwa bengalondekile ngayo yonke into. Ebusuku baba namaphupho amabi aphinda isenzakalo esiye safaka ukuphila kwabo engozini.”

Igebe Lempilo

Igebe lempilo liyanda phakathi kwamazwe anothile nampofu. I-World Health Organization (WHO) ilinganisela ukuthi ubude besikhathi okulindeleke ukuba siphilwe abantu abahlala emazweni athuthukile futhi abazalelwa kuwo buyiminyaka engu-76—uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka engu-54 kulabo abasemazweni angakathuthuki. Ngo-1950, ukufa kwezinsana emazweni ampofu kwakuphindwe kathathu kunasemazweni anothile; manje sekuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-15. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, izinga lokufa ngenxa yezinkinga zokubeletha emazweni ampofu laliphindwe kayikhulu kunasemazweni anothile. I-WHO ithi okunezela kulenkinga iqiniso lokuthi abantu abangaphansi kwengxenye abahlala emazweni ampofu abathola amanzi ahlanzekile nokukhucululwa kwendle. NgokweZizwe Ezihlangene, inani “lamazwe angakathuthuki” landa kusukela kwangu-27 ngo-1975 laya kwangu-48 ngo-1995. Emhlabeni wonke kunabantu abampofu abayizigidi ezingu-1300, futhi isibalo sabo siyanda.